Real-Time vs. Sampling Oscilloscopes: What Are the Differences?

时间： 2022-05-21 来源：Keysight

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All modern oscilloscopes are categorized as digital storage oscilloscopes (DSO) which digitally sample, store, and display a signal to the user - but the technique for accomplishing this can vary from one scope to another. Two distinct categories you've probably heard about are real-time scopes and sampling scopes, each of which has advantages for specific applications. Understanding the differences between these two instruments can help determine which one is right for your use case.

SIMILAR NAMES, DIFFERENT METHODS

First, let's clear up some of the terms that have evolved over the years to describe these instruments:

A real-time oscilloscope, as the name suggests, digitizes the input in real-time by sampling fast enough to accurately capture and display an incoming signal. Each data point on the display has been sampled directly after the previous point. These instruments are sometimes called single-shot scopes based on their ability to capture a continuous signal with a single acquisition. This is the most common type of scope on the market.

A sampling oscilloscope or Digital Communication Analyzer (DCA) uses a different method to sample and display a signal, digitizing a single value per trigger over the course of many passes that "sweep" across a window of time. This is done by adding a small, fixed delay with each iteration, leading to another similar moniker: equivalent-time sampling oscilloscopes. But both names can lead to some confusion though: all digital scopes use sampling in one way or another, and some real-time scopes might include a mode called "random equivalent-time sampling". At KEYSIGHT we describe sampling scopes as digital communication analyzers to highlight the sampling scope's strength in characterizing the high-speed digital signals used in data centers and wireline telecommunication systems.

Here's an analogy to help understand the difference between these two types of scopes. Let's say we want to record the rotation of a bicycle wheel, capturing the full rotation of the wheel in one-degree-of-rotation increments. One way to approach this would be to use a video camera with a very high frame rate – fast enough to capture 360 images within the time period of a single rotation. Using this method, you could capture all unique angular positions after seeing the wheel turn a single time.

Alternatively, let's say instead of a video camera you have a camera that can only take a single photograph at a time. However, this camera can be programmed to capture an image after a very specific amount of time after a signal is given. Assuming a signal is provided to the camera every time the wheel is at 0°, you could program the camera to take a picture at 1°. On the next rotation you can take a picture at 2°, then 3°, and so forth. After 360 images are taken, they can be sequenced together to create an animation of the entire rotation.

In this analogy, the video camera is like a real-time scope and the single-frame camera is like a sampling scope. A consistent, repeating signal – like a spinning wheel – is what a sampling scope is made for. A non-repeating signal – like a wheel that changes speed or direction randomly – is where a real-time scope would be needed.

Capturing a full animation can be accomplished in real-time with a video camera over a single rotation or stitched together from many single-image captures taken over the course of multiple rotations.

WHAT ARE SOME KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REAL-TIME SCOPES AND SAMPLING SCOPES?

■ Viewing Waveforms

A real-time oscilloscope uses an internal sample clock that's independent of and faster than the signal it's capturing, giving it the powerful ability to evaluate the input signal itself to determine when to start the acquisition. This provides more debugging flexibility since the trigger can be based on arbitrary criteria such as a voltage level or a pattern. This also allows for collecting pre-trigger samples, providing insight into the behavior both before and after a sporadic event.

A real-time oscilloscope uses an internal sample clock and stores the data sampled before and after the trigger signal.

Sampling oscilloscopes perform their sampling synchronously with the data and require either an explicit or recovered clock signal. Explicit clocks are provided alongside and separate from the data signal (such as the SCL signal on an I²C bus). Alternatively, a clock signal can be obtained from the data signal itself through a process called clock recovery, performed by a separate device or by a subsystem within the sampling scope.

To capture a waveform, sampling scopes need a repeating pattern since the acquisition is done over multiple passes. A pattern trigger derived from the clock signal provides a trigger point after which a sample is taken. Upon each pattern trigger, a new sample is taken at a sample point that is slightly further from the pattern trigger with iteration. The sampling scope then reconstructs the waveform using the acquired samples.

A repeating waveform can be viewed on a sampling oscilloscope by taking multiple sweeps and incrementally delaying the time at which a sample is taken.

■ Creating Eye Diagrams

Eye diagrams are a key tool in evaluating the signal integrity of high-speed electrical and optical buses. A real-time oscilloscope can create eye diagrams called "real-time eyes" through a multistep process:

1. The scope samples a record long enough to capture many instances of every possible symbol transition.

2. The boundaries of each symbol are determined either by using an externally provided clock or through clock data recovery.

3. The scope overlays the captured transitions to provide a visual representation of the bus transitions with insight into the transmitter's ability to provide a signal that the receiver can accurately interpret.

A real-time oscilloscope can create "real-time eyes" providing insight into bus characteristics like noise and jitter.

Like waveform captures, the creation of eye diagrams on a sampling oscilloscope is made possible by a multiple-pass sampling methodology – but instead of a pattern trigger, eye diagrams use the clock signal (either explicit or recovered) as a trigger. With each clock trigger, a sample is taken after a specific delay which is increased incrementally with each iteration. This process is repeated multiple times for every sample point to build the visual eye diagram.

A sampling oscilloscope can create an eye diagram by sampling at multiple points within a specific period, capturing every combination of symbol transitions.

■ Bandwidth and Resolution

Both real-time and sampling scopes are available in bandwidths up to over 100GHz, enabling use with the latest high-speed digital applications. Because sampling scopes have the luxury of sampling over several periods they can use an ADC with a lower sample rate and higher vertical resolution, often up to 14 bits. Real-time scopes, on the other hand, require an ADC with a sample rate much faster than the specified bandwidth to accurately capture the signal in real-time, requiring a compromise on the vertical resolution.

■ Modularity and Interfaces

Real-time oscilloscopes normally have 4 to 8 permanently installed electronic input channels. Conversely, sampling oscilloscopes can have a combination of electrical, optical, and TDR channels. Keysight offers the DCA-M standalone mini DCA with different combination configurations and the DCA-X wide-bandwidth sampling oscilloscope platform featuring a variety of plug-in modules that perform precision optical measurements, electrical measurements, and time-domain reflection measurements（TDR）/time-domain transmission measurements（TDT）.

The Keysight N1000A DCA-X mainframe features 4 bays that can be configured with modules that suit the application.

WHICH TYPE OF OSCILLOSCOPE IS RIGHT FOR MY APPLICATION?

Real-time oscilloscopes and sampling oscilloscopes overlap in many of their capabilities including the construction of eye diagrams, use of histograms, and measurement of jitter. The biggest difference between the two is the real-time scope's ability to capture a non-repetitive signal or trigger off the data signal itself, making the RTO much more suitable for debugging the behavior of a signal. This becomes particularly true when trying to troubleshoot an intermittent issue that requires defining complex trigger conditions.

An additional advantage of the real-time scope over the sampling scope is its extensive support for decoding and testing many protocols and standards. Keysight's Infiniium line of real-time oscilloscopes are available with the software to decode, debug, and test compliance to many of today's industry-critical communication protocols including the latest generations of USB, DDR, and PCI Express.

Sampling scopes show their true strength in use cases with the most stringent noise and jitter requirements. A key application served by sampling scopes is the optical transceiver manufacturing test, where the combination of performance and price make the digital communication analyzer an ideal solution.

While either type of scope might serve the needs of one particular application today, you'll want to also evaluate your future needs since a real-time scope will typically provide more debugging capabilities, support more industry standards, and feature a broader set of application-specific software packages.

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选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - December 2, 2017 PDF 英文下载

Infiniium Oscilloscope Probes and Accessories DATA SHEET

型号- N2830A,N7008A,MXR,N7040A,P6241,N2830A-32A,P6243,P6245,E2614A,UXR,P6246,P6247,P6248,P6249,N5439A,N1022B,MX0103A,N4839A,N2878A,N27891A,3000A,6000,N7007A,P6701B,P6250,P6251,E2615A,N70003A,3000T,N1130B,MX0102A,MX0022,N2768A,MX0021,N2877A,MX0020,N2744A,MX0025,90000Z,MX0024,3000X,MX0023,90000X,N2852A,90000Q,N7042A,E2616A,6000X,MX0105A,90000A,90000 X,N2779A,N4829A,N287XA,N2888A,N2876A,90000A SERIES,11669B,N2750A SERIES,90008A SERIES,E2697A,N2780B SERIES,Z-SERIES,N2851A,N7009A,N5450B,V-SERIES,N7041A,9000 SERIES,1160A,N2819A,P6711,P5210A,P6713,MX0104A,90000-X SERIES,EXR SERIES,P6703B,N2778A,N2766A,N2887A,N2887B,N2875A,90000,E5396A,7000,MV-23,N4863A,N2874A,N5451A,N7020A,P6205,N2818A,N2789A,N2777A,0960-2907,N2780L SERIES,0960-2908,54904-61622,N4864A,E5385A,10070D,90000-X,N4840A,N2885A,N2873A,N2752A,N5440A,N5476A,MX0106A,N7040A SERIES,90000 SERIES,4000X,S-SERIES,N2829A,N2817A,N2776A,N2805A,54850 SERIES,N4853A,N296A,N4841A,N2884A,N2751A,N2872A,N5477A,MX0109A,N7010A,N70002A,N2828A,54850,N2787A,90000-Q,N2816A,N297A,N2804A,MX0020A,N2870A SERIES,N4842A,N4854A,8000,N2786A,N2750A,N2871A,N5442A,N70001A,86100D,E2613A,N2839A,9000A,1165A FAMILY,N2848,N2827A,N2803A,N2870A,E2678B,N4831A,N4843A,N2797A,N2785A,N5443A,1145A,N7000A,N7024A,10073D,6000 X,MX0022A,DP0002A,10467-68701,N134B,N2838A,N2826A,N2802A,N2881A,E2643A,N132B,E2655C,N2796A,N2784A,N2893A,1134B,1146B,1130B-34B,N5444A,N2893L,N7023A,E2679B,DCA-X,DP0001A,MX0021A,P5205,1147B,N2838-68701,1147A,N2801A,MXR SERIES,N2849A,N2837A,N4844A,N2825A,N2783B,E2644A,N7026A,N2880A,N5380B,N131B,N2795A,1155A,P5205A,N2783L,P5210,1131B,9000,N5445A,N7002A,E2668B,N287XA SERIES,MX0024A,N2812A,1160A FAMILY,N2800A,N2848A,N2836A,90008A,N4845A,N2824A,N2782B,N5381B,N2891A,4000,N2697A,1168B,MSO9000A,1132B,N2801A-03A,10072A,N7001A,E2669B,N7013A,MX0023A,1169B,N2823A,N4846A,N2835A,N4822A,TCP202,N5446A-006,N7004A,N5446A-005,N2781B,N7000A-03A,N5446A-004,N5446A-003,90000-Q SERIES,10077A,1165A,N5447A,N5446A-002,N5446A-001,Q-SERIES,90000X SERIES,N2780L,N2822A,90000Q SERIES,N2876A FAMILY,N7003A,N2780B,E2675B,1130B,N5448B,5959-9334,MX0025A,N2833A,N2821A,N4836A,E5346A,6000 X-SERIES,80000 SERIES,N2791A,E2676B,N7006A,5000,MX0100A- 002,MX0100A- 003,10075A,MX0100A- 001,1130B SERIES,N5425B,N1169B,N5449A,N1000A,N2832A,N4837A,N2820A,7000 SERIES,N2870A FAMILY,E2677B,N231B,N7005A,N2790A,10076B,10076C,N5426A,MX0100A,N1168B,MX0020-25A,N2831A,N4838A,N232B,EXR,UXR SERIES,N2879A

数据手册 - KEYSIGHT - March 16, 2023 PDF 英文下载

Testing Active Cables at 112 Gbps Signaling Rate

KEYSIGHT active cable test solution consists of M8040A BERT, M8195A AWG, ISI board, DCA sampling scope (N1000A DCA-X mainframe ＆ N1060A precision waveform analyzer), test software (M8070B, N1010A, M8091CKPA ＆ N1091CKCA) ＆ accessories (cables, adapters, etc.)

设计经验发布时间 : 2022-07-17

【应用】400G应用中发送端与接收端PAM4信号完整组合测试测量方案

面对400G发送端与接收端PAM4信号测试测量的重重困难，400G PAM4重重叠叠的眼图，想要睁大这三只眼清晰看世界，并不容易。Keysight推出M8040A高性能PAM4误码分析仪、N1000A主机机框、N1078A光电时钟恢复和N1092采样示波器来应对。

应用方案发布时间 : 2018-10-30

Using the Keysight N5477A Sampling Oscilloscope Adapter

型号- N2800A SERIES,DCA-X,86100D DCA-X,N5477A,N2800A,86100D

用户指南 - KEYSIGHT - August 2010 PDF 英文下载

Keysight 采样示波器N1000A+N1060A展示Intel最新芯片性能：116 Gbps PAM-4

在Intel最新发布的博客文章及YouTube视频中展示了其最新的高速Long Reach(LR)收发测试芯片的优异性能，该芯片工作在116 Gbps速率并使用PAM4调制，测试视频是在Intel实验室中通过使用Keysight高带宽采样示波器N1000A + N1060A实现的。

行业资讯发布时间 : 2020-04-10

是德科技为高带宽薄膜铌酸锂调制器测试提供完整解决方案，可以完成电光、光电、电电、光光的频域测试

是德科技可为高带宽薄膜铌酸锂调制器测试提供完整的解决方案。M8199B任意波形发生器是基于AXIe机框平台的模块化产品。每通道256GSa/s的采样率以及高达80GHz的模拟带宽可以产生160GBaud甚至更高的符号率的直调信号或者矢量信号. 其最大的差分信号输出幅度达到了5Vpp（100MHz），即使产生128GBaud的高速信号差分输出幅度仍然可以达到2.6Vpp。

原厂动态发布时间 : 2023-07-19

Keysight N2830A-Series InfiniiMax III+ Probes

型号- N2830A,90000Q,N5443A,N5441A,N5447A,01169-21306,N5445A,N5439A,N1022B,90000 X,90000A,N1022A,N5445-68700,86100C SERIES,N5445-68701,N2832A,N2787A,N2838A,N2848A,N2836A,N5439-65201,90000A SERIES,E2655C,01169-81301,N5440A,86100D SERIES,N5450B,N5476A,N2836-68701,90000 Q SERIES,N5444A,90000 X SERIES,N5442A,S SERIES,N5448A,86100D,86100C,DCA-X,N2830A-SERIES,N2831A,N2849A

用户指南 - KEYSIGHT - Edition 2 - April 2014 PDF 英文下载