What are the Differences between Auto, Seamless, and Fixed Measurement Ranging in An SMU?

时间： 2023-10-28 来源：Keysight Blogs

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Source/measure units (SMUs) often support multiple measurement range options, and selecting the correct one to use is important to optimize measurement resolution. However, before proceeding it is important to understand why SMUs have a range setting in the first place. The SMU circuitry has to switch in and out (using relays) different resistor values in order to handle the maximum expected current or voltage value under measurement. Obviously, it takes some time to switch these relays and move from one range to the next. For this reason, SMUs typically support different ranging modes to provide the user with options to help them achieve their measurement goals.

SMUs can support fixed ranging, auto-ranging, and seamless ranging (which is a patented capability unique to KEYSIGHT), although not all SMUs necessarily support all of these measurement ranging options. The following illustration shows how each of these choices impacts the range(s) used by the SMU for a current measurement:

Fixed measurement ranging yields the fastest test times, but it requires you to know something about the expected measurement value. In fixed ranging, you generally have enough resolution to measure quantities four to five decades below the measurement range used. However, if the quantity under measurement exceeds the value of the fixed measurement range, then you will get an error message. Auto-ranging is useful when you are measuring quantities where the expected value is unknown or constantly changing. In general, auto-ranging will start measuring in whatever range contains the user-specified limit (or compliance) value, and then it will work its way down into whatever range is necessary to make an accurate measurement. Since this process takes time, auto-ranging is almost always much slower than fixed-ranging. Some SMUs also support a “limited” auto-ranging feature, where the auto-ranging will not go below whatever measurement range the user specifies as the limit value (Note: Do not confuse this limit value with the voltage or current limit value). While this does not provide the same level of measurement resolution as full auto-ranging, it does speed up the measurement process considerably. Fixed ranging and auto ranging work best when performing either single point (spot) measurements, or when sweeping current or voltage and measuring the opposite value on a device under test (DUT).

If you want to measure a quantity over time that has rapid variations in its magnitude, then neither fixed ranging nor auto ranging is generally the best choice. An example of this is an IoT device that can draw hundreds of milliamps of current when active but might only draw a few microamps of current when inactive or in sleep mode. If you select the fixed range that contains the maximum expected value of current during active mode, then you will not be able to measure accurately the current during sleep mode. Auto-ranging does not work either since the SMU cannot uprange and downrange fast enough to keep up with the IoT device’s dynamic current changes. In this case, the best choice is seamless measurement ranging. Seamless measurement simultaneously measures in multiple ranges at once, and it selects the best measurement value from these ranges. The following graphs compare data taken on an IoT device using fixed ranging and seamless ranging.

Seamless measurement ranging only works when the SMU is in voltage force/current measurement mode. In addition, when seamless measurement ranging is in use some SMUs will operate in power supply mode regardless of the user setting (refer to operating manual for more information). In the case of Keysight’s PXI M96xxA SMUs and PZ2100A SMUs, the seamless ranging function uses one of two range groups (designated as “low” and “high”). The exact ranges included in each of these groups can vary depending on the particular specifications of the SMU under use, but the fundamental principles remain the same. The following illustration shows how the seamless ranging function divides up the measurement ranges for the M9615A and PZ2131A SMUs:

The SMU will select which group to use based on the compliance (or limit) value specified by the user. In this example, if the compliance value is higher than 10 mA then the SMU selects the high group. Otherwise, it selects the low group. Similar to the limited auto-ranging function described earlier, the seamless ranging function also allows you to specify a minimum range to use in the seamless ranging function. This can help prevent settling time issues when measuring very small currents. When performing a seamless ranging measurement, the SMU makes measurements sequentially across all ranges included in the group it is using as shown in the following figure:

In this example for the PZ2131A SMU, the minimum sampling rate for the measurements is two microseconds, so each seamless measurement takes eight microseconds. Making one seamless measurement effectively takes four times longer than it does to make one fixed-range measurement. Although the time required to make a seamless measurement is longer than for a fixed range measurement, the benefits of seamless measurement ranging are clear when you compare the measurement results. The following graph compares measurement performance versus time for the PZ2121A SMU module when applying a 0 V to 1 V sweep to the anode of a diode and measuring the current using fixed, seamless, and auto-ranging.

The measurement made using auto-ranging clearly gives the best measurement resolution, although it takes more time than the fixed and seamless measurements.

In conclusion, you can see that it is important to select the correct ranging mode for a measurement application. In general, fixed-ranging works best for simple measurements where you have some knowledge of the expected measurement value in advance. Auto-ranging often works best for situations where you are sweeping one parameter and measuring another parameter, and you need to get the greatest measurement resolution possible. Finally, seamless ranging is ideal for situations where you want to measure a parameter with wide changes in its value over time. Of course, there are exceptions to every rule. However, once you understand the principles explained in this blog you should be able to determine which measurement range mode is the best choice for your application.

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本文由翊翊所思转载自Keysight Blogs，原文标题为:What are the differences between auto, seamless, and fixed measurement ranging in an SMU?，本站所有转载文章系出于传递更多信息之目的，且明确注明来源，不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系，我们将立即进行删除处理。

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选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - November 2018 PDF 英文下载

Keysight（是德科技）电源产品选型指南（中文）

目录- BenchVue软件电源产品系统直流电源和台式直流电源直流电源输出电压和电流一览表直流电源直流电子负载交流电源专用电源产品已停产的直流电源及其替代产品

型号- B2911B,B2911A,N8926A,U8000,N5742A,N5766A,6632B,6644A,BV0003B,N6977A,N6735B,N6953A,6800C 系列,N5743A,N5767A,N1275A,6621A,6633B,6645A,N6780 系列,EL30000系列,N6976A,N6746B,B1506A,N6952A,N6734B,U8031A,N8948A,N5744A,N5768A,N1274A,E4361A,N3300A,6622A,6634B,66332A,N8924A,66102A,6600 系列,B1505A,N6701C,66000,N8949A,N8925A,N8937A,6624A,N5745A,N5769A,E4360A,6611C,N3301A,N1273A,6623A,B2901BL,N6700C,66101A,U8000 系列,N6736B,N6954A,E36100A 系列,N6700A,E5263A,6625A,6612C,N5746A,N3302A,N1272A,66104A,N1260A,U8032A,66321D,66321B,B2902B,B2902A,6626A,N5747A,N3303A,6613C,PA2203A,66103A,BV0012B,N1271A,N6702C,6060 系列,6060B,N6705C,B2901B,N8928A,6800B 系列,N7900 系列,B2901A,6627A,EL30000,N3304A,6614C,N5748A,6600,E4360,66106A,N6783A-BAT,N8929A,B2900A,B2912B,E5262A,6628A,B2912A,N3305A,N5749A,66311B,PV8922A,66105A,U8001A,E4368A,N3306A,E4356A,N5700,6672A,B1511B,6684A,PV8921A,RP7935A,CX3322A,BV9210B,RP7945A,RP7933A,B2962A,N8900 系列,N3307A,E4367A,RP7900 系列,N6900,B1510A,6673A,PV8932A,B2960,RP7946A,6620 系列,B2961B,B2961A,RP7932A,6674A,AC6906L,AC6918L,PV8931A,U2723A,U8002A,RP7943A,RP7931A,6675A,B1520A,6651A,PA2201A,U2722A,BV9201B,AC6900,N8760A,6652A,B2900A 系列,E36232A,AC6906H,66300,AC6918H,N6700,N8761A,6653A,E4362A,B1514A,6641A,E36231A,BV9211B,B2960系列,EDU36311A,N3300,B1513C,6654A,6642A,E36234A,N7900,CX3324A,667X,U2720,CX3300A,BV9200B,669X,E36200 系列,66000 系列,B1500A,6643A,B1512A,E36233A,6655A,6631B,AC6903L,668X,RP7936A,E36100B,AC6903H,E36100A,RP7962A,AC6804A,PV8900 系列,AC6804B,N8740A,E36103A,E36103B,N6791A,AC6912L,AC6912H,RP7973A,RP7961A,6035A,66309B,E36102B,E36102A,66309D,N8741A,AC6802B,RP7972A,AC6802A,E3600 系列,E36311A,N8762A,B2960 系列,E36105B,N6781A,E36105A,6690A,E3641A,RP7983A,N3300 系列,AC6803A,AC6803B,N8900,E36104B,E36104A,N6792A,E3640A,6691A,AC6800A,N6790,AC6800B,N6783A-MFG,RP7942A,E3600,6038A,N6900 系列,E36313A,6692A,N6783A,N8756A,6680A,N8732A,PV8900,N8950A,RP7941A,AC6801A,AC6801B,N6780,RP7953A,E36312A,N6782A,E36106B,E36106A,AC6900 系列,N8757A,6681A,N8733A,N8951A,RP7952A,N7971A,6682A,N6785A,N6773A,N6761A,N8754A,N8742A,RP7963A,RP7951A,N7970A,N8700,6683A,6671A,N6784A,N8755A,N8731A,N5770A,6629A,N7973A,E3647A,N6775A,N6763A,N8736A,N6751A,N8954A,N8930A,E36300 系列,E36340,6063B,E5260A,N5771A,N1259A,6812B,N7972A,E36100,E3646A,6811C,6811B,E36100 系列,N6786A,N8737A,N6774A,N6762A,N8943A,AC6800A 系列,N8955A,N8931A,E3634A,N5772A,N1258A,6813C,6813B,N7951A,6800C,E3649A,E36100B系列,6812C,6800B,AC6800B 系列,N6753A,N8758A,N6741B,N8734A,N6971A,N8952A,N6777A,N8940A,N6765A,EL30000 系列,E5270B,N5761A,N7950A,N7974A,N8700 系列,E3648A,N8759A,N6764A,N6752A,N6970A,N8735A,N8941A,N6776A,RP7982A,6030A,N5750A,N7953A,N7977A,N5762A,N1268A,N8934A,N6743B,N6731B,N8946A,N6973A,E36100B 系列,E3643A,E3631A,N6755A,14585A,CX3300A 系列,6031A,N7976A,N5763A,N5751A,E36300,N7952A,N1267A,N6972A,N8923A,N6790 系列,N8935A,N6742B,E3630A,E3642A,N6766A,N6754A,N5700 系列,N8738A,6032A,6030 系列,N5752A,N5764A,RP7900,B2910BL,N1266A,N6951A,N8932A,N8944A,N8920A,E3645A,N6745B,E3633A,N6733B,N8739A,6033A,N7954A,N5741A,N5765A,66319B,N1265A,N6950A,N8945A,N6732B,N8957A,N8921A,E3632A,E3620A,N6756A,N6974A,E3644A,N6744B,66319D

选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - 2021年11月16日 PDF 中文下载

【选型】Keysight（是德科技）光波产品（测试与测量网络和数据中心）选型指南（中文）

目录- 光波产品应用简介光波产品应用软件可调激光源（TLS）和固定激光源（DFB和FP）光功率计偏振产品多波长计光衰减器和光开关光波器件分析仪（LCA）光调制分析仪（OMA）和ICR测试示波器与光/电转换器任意波形发生器（AWG）比特误码率测试仪（BERT）数字互连测试系统光接收机极限测试（ORST ）数字通信分析仪（DCA） SMUs 光波产品选型表和附件

型号- N4391A-110-Z33,N7783B,B2911A,N4980A,81600B-140,8703A,81600B-142,N1010A,81656A,8165XA,N771XA-340,81620B,N1090A,N7782B,81000NI,N7714A,81578A-062,M8046A-A32,81657A,81960A,81001PA,81003TD,M8020A-BU2,N7761A,81950A-301,DSAV164A,N7740MI - MU,N7785B,M8195A,M8061A,81630B,81009BH,81578A-050,DSOV084A,M8020A-BU1,81009BM,81950A-310,N7784B,N7740FI - FC,8703B,M8196A,M8062A,B2900,N4373D,N7740ZI,N4960A-CJ0,DSAV204A,N4960A-CJ1,81000PA,N4903B,N4952A-E17,81655A,N771XA-304,N4960A,8164A,8164B,M8048A,8163XA/B,N7751A,N109X,8162X,81595B,81571A,81004BM,81004BH,N4374B,81624B,81000KA,81636B,81001MA,MSOV254A,81600B,8163B,8162XB,N4951B-H32,N1092,8163A,N1094,81606A-216,N7786B,N7762A,B2902A,86122C,DSOV334A,N1077A-232,N4375D,N1077A,N4917B,N4952A-E32,81001LA,81940A,81613A,N4917A,MSOV134A,81607A-116,8166A,8166B,B2961A/B2962A 6.5,B2901A,8152X,N7740LI - LC,M8190A,N4376D,N1076A,N490X,N437XB,N437XC,81610A,N4877A,81634B,N4951B,B2900A,N4951A,86100D-PTB,81606A-116,81606A-113,81490A-135,N7752A,B2912A,86100D,N7788B,N7764A,86100C,86100B,86100A,M8070A,81570A,81635A,8198X A,81950A,8198XA,N4951B-H17,81623B,N4952A,DSAV134A,86100D¨CSIM,N437XX,81001ZA,M8020A,N7731A,N4951A-P32,81195A,81624DD,DSOV204A,86100,MSOV084A,81606A,86100DU-400,81618A,8160XA,DSAV254A,B2962A,81000FA,N7766A,N776XA,M8045A,81000FI,81960A-E62,81000VA,81003LA,81576A,8157XA,DSOV164A,N4965A,N4951A-P17,B2961A,N7745A,N4391A-120-Z63,M8046A,81608A-216,N4391A-120-Z64,N4980A-JTS,N7740BI,M8020,81602A,81626B,81001KA,81989A,81628B,83480A,8169A,N7744A,N775XA,N7768A,86120D,86120C,B2901A/02A/11A/12A,86120B,MSOV334A,N4967A,81609A,N7004A,81608A-116,N7711A,N7747A,81608A-113,M8051A,81490A,N1094B,81490A-E10,N1094A,81000BT,81949A,N4951B-D32,N7734A,DSAV084A,81000BI,81000BC,M8041A,M8040A,N4391A,81980A,81490A-E03,N7740KI - SC,8194XA,N7781B,DSAV334A,N7700A-100,81607A,81619A,N7700A-102,N7700A-101,N1092A/B/C/D/E,M8045A-0G3,M8030A,DSOV254A,N4392A,86100D-200,81602A-013,N1092A,MSOV204A,N1092E,N1092D,N1092C,81577A,N1092B,N1294A-031,81001FA,81608A,8160XX,N7700A,54750A,N1077A-SMS,M8045A-G32,DSOV134A,N7748A,86108B,N4951B-D17,81663A,N1094A/B,81578A,MSOV164A

选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - 2017年3月31日 PDF 中文下载

电阻测量的方法有哪些？

介绍电阻测量的方法。

原厂动态发布时间 : 2024-06-16

源表=电源+数字表？一文看懂SMU源表

是德科技的B2900、M9600等系列源表，内置波形发生器功能，配合强大的触发机制、可轻松实现直流、脉冲、扫描以及任意自定义波形激励。B2900、M9600等系列源表内置采样速率高达15MSa/s的高分辨率数字化仪，灵活的源、测量触发机制，以及Quick IV 软件，可以轻松定制测量的起始位置和测量窗口长短。

原厂动态发布时间 : 2021-07-16

KEYSIGHT(是德)示波器/分析仪/发生器/仪表/电源选型指南

描述- The advanced performance, intuitive usability, and versatile functionality of the Keysight InfiniiVision 4000G X-Series oscilloscopes enable you to capture elusive glitches and anomalies that are not possible with other oscilloscopes.

型号- 33521B,B2911B,SR101EDUA,3000G X,PZ2120A,P9377B,PZ2100,34460A,P937XA,DAQM905A,N9324C,1000X,6000 X,3458A,N9918A,EL34143A,33600A SERIES,E36155A,INFINIIUM EXR-SERIES,BV9210B,DAQ973A,EDUX1052A,N9935C,B2962B,PZ2121A,P93XXB,DAQ73A,EL30000 SERIES,E5063A,E36154A,3000X,P9371B,P9371A,33600A,PZ2130A,B2961B,33612A,34470A,DAQM903A,B2960B SERIES,N9322C,N9960A,E36311A,6000X,E36731A,PZ2100 SERIES,E36731ABV,P9370A,P9382B,3000G X-SERIES,P9370B,PZ2131A,33611A,B2960B,33500B SERIES,DAQM904A,N9323C,34465A,B2901BL,DAQ,2000 X,EL34243A,DAQ970A,E36150 SERIES,P9373B,E36150,E36300 SERIES,33622A,EDU33211A,P9373A,33509B,2000X,DAQM909A,1000 X,E36313A,1000 X-SERIES,DAQM900A,E36232A,33512B,P9372A,P9384B,33621A,P9372B,33500B,N5181B,4000G X,N9915C,N9321C,DAQM902A,N6700,E36200 SERIES,B2902B,E36300,4000X,2000 X-SERIES,E36312A,DAQM901A,E36231A,6000 X-SERIES,N9952A,N6705C,B2901B,33511B,N5166B,N9912C,BV9211B,P9375B,B2900B SERIES,PZ2110A,P9375A,33519B,EDU36311A,DAQM907A,EL30000,E36234A,B2910BL,35520B,4000G X-SERIES,33510B,B2900B,B2912B,33522B,EDU33212A,P9374A,N5171B,P9374B,INFINIIUM EXR,EDU34450A,X-SERIES,DAQM908A,E36200,34461A,E36233A

选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - February 16, 2024 PDF 英文下载

Keysight（是德科技）基础测量仪器选型指南

描述- The Keysight PZ2100 high-channel density precision source measure unit (SMU) solution offers 20 SMU channels within a 1U full-width rack space — five times better than SMUs of equivalent form factor on the market.

型号- 33521B,B2911B,PZ2120A,PZ2100,P9377B,34460A,DAQM905A,N9324C,1000X,3458A,N9918A,EL34143A,33600A SERIES,BV0003B,E36155A,BV9210B,DAQ973A,B2962B,N9935A,PZ2121A,P9243A,P93XXB,P937XA,P937XB,34972A,EL30000 SERIES,E5063A,E36154A,3000X,P9371B,P9371A,33600A,PZ2130A,B2961B,33612A,34470A,DAQM903A,B2960B SERIES,N9322C,N9960A,E36311A,6000X,E36731A,PZ2100 SERIES,N6701C,P9370A,P9382B,3000G X-SERIES,P9370B,PZ2131A,B2960B,33611A,33500B SERIES,PW9251A,DAQM904A,N6700 SERIES,34970A,N9323C,34465A,B2901BL,EXR-SERIES,E36150ADVU,N6700C,EL34243A,E36150 SERIES,DAQ970A,E36150,P9373B,BV9201B,E36300 SERIES,33622A,P9373A,P397XA,33509B,2000X,DAQM909A,E36313A,1000 X-SERIES,DAQM900A,E36232A,33512B,P9372A,P9384B,33500B,33621A,P9372B,N5181B,A-SERIES,N9321C,DAQM902A,N6700,E36200 SERIES,N755XA,B2902B,E36300,2000 X-SERIES,4000X,E36312A,DAQM901A,4000 X-SERIES,ENA,E36231A,N6702C,6000 X-SERIES,N9952A,B2901B,33511B,N5166B,N6705C,BV9211B,P9375B,P9242A,B2900B SERIES,PZ2110A,P9375A,33519B,DAQM907A,EL30000,E36234A,B2910BL,35520B,33510B,B2900B,B2912B,33522B,BV9200B,P9374A,N5171B,P9374B,P9241A,N9913A,P938XB,N9925A,X-SERIES,N1500A,DAQM908A,E36200,34461A,E36233A,ENA SERIES

选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - July 18, 2023 PDF 英文下载

Keysight（是德科技）台式和电源产品选型指南

目录- Company Profile Data Acquisition DC Power Supplies PathWave BenchVue AC Single-Phase Power Sources DC Electronic Loads Semiconductor Device Analyzer Precision Bench Instruments Gurrent Waveform Analyzer InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes Data Acquisition / Switch Units Waveform Generators Digital Multimeters

型号- E3640,33521B,B2987A,B2911A,M9240GENB,INFINIIUM S-SERIES,34460A,DAQM905A,D6000GENA,U8000,3000T X-SERIES,M9240NFCB,1000X,D3000GENA,D3000NFCA,D4000NFCA,D2000GENA,N5700,D4000GENA,N6791A,PV8921A,3458A,CX1103A,CX3322A,E3630,DAQ973A,RP7900 SERIES,B2962A,D6000BDLA,3000T,N6900,D4000BDLA,B2960,N5700 SERIES,P9240AUTB,B1506A,3000X,P9240NFCB,CX1102A,B2985A,M9111A,33600A,33612A,B2961A,E36100B SERIES,U8000 SERIES,34470A,DAQM903A,E36311A,6000X,33600A SERIES,D6000AERA,N3300A,DG9000,M9601A,D6000USBA,M9240AERB,6800,D2000AUTA,B1505A,B2960 SERIES,D3000AUTA,33611A,N6700 SERIES,DAQM904A,N8900,E3640 SERIES,B2900,33500B SERIES,34465A,N8900 SERIES,M9240BDLB,B2980,CX1104A,D6000PWRA,DAQ970A,BV9201B,N6790,P9240A,E36300 SERIES,33622A,P9240AERB,B2983A,33509B,2000X,DAQM909A,M9615A,1000 X-SERIES,DAQM900A,B2900 SERIES,U8030 SERIES,D6000AUTA,PV8900,AC6800 SERIES,N8700 SERIES,D4000AUTA,AC6801B,P9240BDLB,33512B,N6780,33500B,33621A,E3630 SERIES,DAQM902A,E36200 SERIES,N6700,E36300,B2902A,2000 X-SERIES,4000X,M9240PWRB,N6705,D3000PWRA,E36312A,N6900 SERIES,M9614A,DAQM901A,4000 X-SERIES,6800 SERIES,6000 X-SERIES,M9240A,N6705C,33511B,B2981A,D2000BDLA,P9240GENB,33519B,B2901A,RP7900,DAQM907A,AC6800,N3300A SERIES,D4000AERA,D3000AERA,N7900,D4000USBA,CX3324A,35520B,CX1101A,CX3300A,N7900 SERIES,33510B,33522B,N8700,B2980 SERIES,M9240AUTB,E36200,B2912A,DAQM908A,U8030,N6780 SERIES,34461A,B1500A,D3000BDLA,E36100B,D4000PWRA

选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - April 23, 2021 PDF 英文下载