How Data Acquisition Helps Your Quality Assurance

时间： 2024-02-28 来源：Keysight Blogs

There's certainly no dearth of variety when it comes to electronic test and measurement devices. From general-purpose instruments like multimeters and oscilloscopes to highly specialized equipment for specific industries, there is a correct tool for every need.

However, there is one group of test devices that stand tall in this crowded field because of their power and versatility. They are the data acquisition systems.

In this article, find out what makes them so special, which industries use them, and how they work. Let's start with the basics.

What is data acquisition?

Data acquisition (DAQ) is the systematic measurement and recording of electrical characteristics or physical metrics with one of these end goals:

· design verification

· electrical or thermal characterization

· Monitoring of an electronic, manufacturing, or physical process

· control over the testing of a product

What are data acquisition systems?

A data acquisition system consists of purpose-built hardware and software that equip it to acquire data from a device under test (DUT) for verifying its design, improving its operations, and boosting its reliability.

A data acquisition system allows engineers to measure and collect data such as the electrical characteristics (like voltages and currents) of a DUT in different scenarios, along with measurements of its surrounding or external physical phenomena (like temperature, pressure, or sound levels).

On the face of it, measuring electrical characteristics or physical phenomena doesn't sound impressive. After all, other instruments like digital multimeters, LCR meters, or optical power meters also do that. But a DAQ system is nothing like them.

Let's look at the characteristics that make a DAQ system stand out from other test and measurement instruments.

What makes data acquisition systems special?

The typical data acquisition system has the following features that make it a compelling and versatile testing solution for many industries.

1. Scalability

The most unique aspect of a DAQ system is its scalability. A typical DAQ system is equipped with anywhere from tens to even hundreds of measurement channels. It can simultaneously measure a large number of signals from a large number of DUTs (or a large number of test points on a few DUTs). It supports switching and multiplexing to choose between different sets of inputs or devices based on the test plan.

The illustration below shows DAQ scalability using multiple input modules, each supporting dozens of input channels.

2. Ability to measure a variety of signals

A data acquisition system can measure a variety of signals like:

· direct currents (DC) and voltages

· alternating currents (AC), voltages, frequencies, and periods

· resistances, either two-wire or the more accurate four-wire

· capacitances

· temperature measurements

· vibration forces via sensors like accelerometers

A DAQ system typically has a built-in high-precision digital multimeter circuit as well as other custom measurement circuits for these signals.

3. Designed for automation

A data acquisition system is purpose-built for bulk automated testing and quality control on production lines. Automated test sequences are supported.

4. Configurability

Aspects like the number of active channels, the sampling rate per channel, and the type of signal at each channel are all configurable via the DAQ software.

Measurements must often be timed correctly with specific events and trigger conditions. The DAQ software enables such synchronization.

5. Real-time data analysis and visualization

Data acquisition systems enable real-time processing and analysis of data, enabling immediate diagnosis and analysis. They also calculate and record derived metrics obtained by specifying formulas in the DAQ software. For example, a power metric can be recorded based on the readings from the voltage and current channels of each DUT.

6. Recording and storage

A DAQ system supports the immediate recording of data to a local storage device as well as the network transmission of data to a computer for remote storage. The latter enjoys all the benefits of computer-based storage, such as large capacities, high speeds, and redundancies.

7. Signal conditioning

Since input analog signals may not be directly suitable for recording, a good DAQ system provides signal conditioning circuitry like amplification, filtering, and linearization for each input channel. Some data acquisition systems even support configuring and deactivating each component of their signal conditioning pipelines.

8. High speed and high throughput

DAQ systems enable high-speed, high-throughput, automated bulk testing of devices. They complement manual quality control using other instruments like digital multimeters and oscilloscopes.

What are some real-world applications of data acquisition?

Here are some of the data acquisition applications in different industries.

Aerospace and defense

When testing an avionics or weapons subsystem, a data acquisition system is connected to all the test points of the dozens of constituent electrical circuits. They may also be connected to multiple physical sensors in the mechanical or hydraulic subsystems. The subsystem is then subject to testing conditions like wind conditions or interference, and the DAQ system is used to record a variety of electrical and physical characteristics.

Automobiles

Automobiles contain a variety of components like the controller area network (CAN) bus, dashboard switches, battery charging system, engine controls, engine sensors, external sensors, and more. A data acquisition system is connected to all these subsystems to collect the wide variety of signals they produce — electrical, electromagnetic, mechanical, acoustic, thermal, and more.

When tests like on-road tests or crash tests are conducted, the DAQ system records all this data. Engineers later analyze the data for any reliability or safety problems as well as optimization opportunities.

Consumer appliances and devices

The behaviors of consumer appliances and smartphones are characterized using data acquisition systems. The test points of their power supplies, battery charging circuits, mainboards, and temperature sensors are connected to a DAQ system. Characteristics like voltages, impedances, radio interference, or battery drain are measured using the DAQ system while the appliance is operated under different environmental conditions.

What sensors are commonly used with DAQ systems?

DAQ systems acquire data using sensors. Common sensors include:

· Thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), or thermistors to measure temperatures

· Transducers that convert physical forces into electrical signals, such as accelerometers for vibration data and microphones for acoustic data

· Strain gauges to measure stresses in physical structures

· Photodiodes to measure changes in optical signals

What factors should you consider when selecting a data acquisition system for a specific application?

When selecting a DAQ system for your application and industry, here is a minimum set of questions to ask:

· How scalable should it be? How many DUTs and signals should it record, i.e., how many channels should it have?

· What should be the minimum sampling rate for each test scenario?

· What sensors do your DUTs need, and is the DAQ system compatible with all of them?

· Is the DAQ system modular and expandable for your project's future needs?

· Can it interface with your computing and data storage systems?

· Does the DAQ hardware have a calibration certificate and a regularly scheduled calibration path, especially if high measurement accuracy and traceability are critical?

What is the significance of sample rate and resolution in data acquisition?

The sample rate determines how often a signal is measured, which is crucial for capturing fast-changing signals. A high sampling rate ensures that rapid fluctuations in real-world signals are not lost but accurately represented in the stored data. The frequency of sampling must be sufficient to capture the dynamics of the real-world phenomenon.

In addition, if you have a high channel count, ensure that the data acquisition system can handle the increased flow of information due to a high sampling rate without compromising speed or accuracy.

The resolution affects the granularity and precision of the measurements. A higher resolution provides more detail, which may be critical for later analysis.

What are the key components of a typical data acquisition device?

The key components of a DAQ device are:

· Power supply: This supplies reliable power to the mainboard and modules.

· Input modules: The input modules contain the channels that receive signals from the DUT and its sensors. Some modules have switching and multiplexing capabilities to route the signals from a shared set of sensors to different test devices.

· Central processor: This is the control system of the DAQ, processing data according to the configuration and ensuring that all operations are done correctly in the proper order.

· Signal conditioning circuitry: Analog signals are often susceptible to noise. For example, sensors such as accelerometers can produce very noisy data. Such data must be cleaned up and free of distortions for reliable data analysis. This subsystem ensures that all the analog input signals are compatible with the downstream processing components of the DAQ device. It consists of components like amplifier circuits, low-pass filters, and high-pass filters to suppress noise. Linearization circuits help correct the nonlinear response curves and improve the accuracy of certain sensors like strain gauges.

· Analog-to-digital converter (ADC): This samples the clean analog signals coming from the signal conditioning circuits and digitizes the signal levels into dimensionless integers. The central processor then converts the digital signals to real numbers with the correct units based on the respective channel's configured signal type and measurement range.

· Data logger: The data logging subsystem records the digital data in temporary memory and local storage devices and transmits them to the connected computer.

· External interfacing subsystem: This subsystem talks to the connected computer via protocols like the peripheral component interconnect (PCI), universal serial bus (USB), ethernet (LAN), or the general purpose interface bus (GPIB).

What role does software play in data acquisition, and what features are essential in data acquisition software?

Software plays a critical role in data acquisition systems. All the special characteristics of data acquisition systems we described earlier are possible only because of software.

There are two pieces of software at play:

· the embedded software (or firmware) that runs on the DAQ device

· the application software that runs on the connected computer

Both are crucial for each special feature of a DAQ system. Some features that must be considered essential are:

· Great user experiences: The configure-measure-record-visualize sequence on the device and the computer must be smooth, fast, and intuitive experiences for users.

· High level of configuration automation: Both the embedded and the application software must provide a high level of configuration automation of channels, signal types, ranges, trigger conditions, and other measurement aspects.

· Sophisticated data analysis and visualization: The software, particularly the application on the computer, must enable users to easily organize and visualize vast quantities of recorded data so that they can draw the insights hidden in the data.

· Predefined test plans for different industries: Good software must come with predefined test plans for different industries (and provide downloads for on-demand installation). This helps save a lot of time and avoid mistakes.

There are many data acquisition software environments for implementing data acquisition applications, including:

· KEYSIGHT PathWave Test Automation

· MATLAB/Simulink

· Keysight's PathWave BenchVue

General-purpose programming languages like Python, C, and C++ with DAQ-specific libraries are also commonly used for real-time data collection, data analysis, and measurement applications.

Scalable reliable testing with data acquisition systems

In this article, we got an overview of data acquisition systems and what makes them special among other test and measurement instruments.

Keysight has more than two and a half decades of experience in building modular, high-speed, high-throughput data acquisition systems for aerospace, defense, automotive, telecommunication, and consumer device industries.

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Keysight（是德科技）数字万用表选型指南（简版）

Truevolt Series 6½- and 7½-Digit Bench Digital Multimeters 6½-Digit PXI Digital Multimeters Specialty Digital Multimeters Handheld DMMs

KEYSIGHT - 7½-DIGIT DMM,HANDHELD DMMS,4½-DIGIT HANDHELD MULTIMETERS,数字双显示DMM,DIGIT DMM AND DC POWER SUPPLY,SPECIALTY DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,DIGIT HANDHELD MULTIMETERS,ADAPTER,USB MODULAR DMM,DIGIT PXI DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,5½ DIGIT DUAL-DISPLAY DMM,8½-DIGIT DMM,适配器,7½-DIGIT BENCH DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,6½-DIGIT BENCH DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,4-DIGIT HANDHELD MULTIMETERS,DIGIT BENCH DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,PXI DIGITAL MULTIMETERDIGIT DMM,数字万用表和直流电源,SPECIALTY DMMS,PXI数字万用表,专用数字万用表,PXI DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,数字万用表,6½-DIGIT PXI DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,5½-DIGIT DMM,DIGITAL MULTIMETER,USB模块化数字万用表,TRUEVOLT DMMS,DMMS,手持数字万用表,DIGIT DUAL-DISPLAY DMM,数字PXI数字万用表,台式数字万用表,PXI DMM,8 1/2-DIGIT DIGITAL MULTIMETER,U1282A,U1241C,EDU34450A,U1281A,34460A,34470A,34420A,U2741A,34461A,34465A,U1117A,U3606B,U1177A,3458A,U1242C,U1252B,U1253B,M9181A,M9182A,M9183A

May 11, 2022 - 选型指南

Keysight（是德科技）DAQ970A/DAQ973A数据采集系统数据手册

KEYSIGHT - DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM,数据采集系统,DAQ970A,DAQ973A,DAQM904A,DAQM905A,DAQM902A,DAQM903A,DAQM908A,DAQM909A,DAQM907A,11062A,34307A,DAQM900A,34905-60001,DAQM901A,Z54,34308A

2020年3月16日 - 数据手册

【选型】Keysight（是德科技）LCR表&阻抗分析仪&测试夹具和附件选型指南（英文）

Impedance Measurements Product Introduction Impedance Analyzers Network Analyzer LCR Meters Test Fixtures and Accessories

KEYSIGHT - CAPACITANCE METER,LCR METER,电容表,NETWORK ANALYZER,EXTERNAL BIAS ADAPTER,PRECISION LCR METER,MAGNETIC TEST FIXTURES,测试夹具,CLIP LEADS,LF-RF NETWORK ANALYZER,射频网络分析仪,EXTERNAL DC BIAS FIXTURES,网络分析仪,DIELECTRIC TEST FIXTURE,精密LCR表,HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPONENT TEST FIXTURE,TEST FIXTURE,IMPEDANCE ANALYZER,PARALLEL-ELECTRODE SMD TEST FIXTURE,IMPEDANCE ANALYZERS,RF SMD/CHIP COMPONENTS,LCR METERS,TEST LEADS,IMPEDANCE PROBE KIT,LIQUID TEST FIXTURE,SMD/CHIP TEST FIXTURE,BOTTOM-ELECTRODE SMD TEST FIXTURE,LCR表,AXIAL & RADIAL TEST FIXTURE,阻抗分析仪,TERMINAL ADAPTER,射频 SMD/片状器件,E5061B-3L3,E5061B-3L4,E5061B-3L5,E4982A,E4990A-120,E4980A,16092A,16034H,16034E,16048H,E4991B,16048G,16034G,16048D,16200B,5950-3000,16197A,16048E,16452A,16454A,42941A,16048A,E4980A-001,E4991B-002,E4980AL,E4981A,16192A,16065C,16196B,E4990A,16196A,16196D,16194A,16196C,E5061B,16089A,16451B,16047E,16065A,16453A,16089C,16198A,16089B,E5061B-005,16334A,16047A,16201A,42942A,工业电子,MATERIAL,消费电子,PRODUCTION APPLICATIONS,IN-CIRCUIT,LCR COMPONENT,MLCC,PDN,汽车电子,通信设备,SEMI-CONDUCTOR

2018年12月10日 - 选型指南

Optical Power Meters: Understand Their Uses and Internals

Modern high-speed networks run on optical fiber because of its incredible speed and virtually unlimited capacity. Optical power meters are a key element in the optimization and maintenance of such optical networks and of their components. In this article, learn: What optical power meters do, Who uses them and how, How they work.

2024-03-02 - 产品

N7744C和N7745C光纤多端口功率计数据表

KEYSIGHT - OPTICAL MULTIPORT POWER METERS,光学多端口功率计,N7799C-1CM,N7799C-DOC,N7799C-0CM,N7740MI,N7740LI,N7740KI,N7740FI,N7745C,N7744C,N7740BI,81004BM,N7740ZI,81009BM,光多端口应用,OPTICAL MULTIPORT APPLICATIONS

July15, 2020 - 数据手册查看更多版本

Keysight（是德科技）台式和电源产品选型指南

Company Profile Data Acquisition DC Power Supplies PathWave BenchVue AC Single-Phase Power Sources DC Electronic Loads Semiconductor Device Analyzer Precision Bench Instruments Gurrent Waveform Analyzer InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes Data Acquisition / Switch Units Waveform Generators Digital Multimeters

KEYSIGHT - DEVICE CURRENT WAVEFORM ANALYZERS,DATA ACQUISITION / SWITCH UNITS,半导体器件分析仪,直流系统电源,交流单相电源,精密源/测量装置（SMU）,装置电流波形分析仪,MODULAR SYSTEM POWER,INFINIIVISION OSCILLOSCOPES,PXIE SMU MODULES,光伏阵列仿真器,三输出可编程直流电源装置,DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,PV SIMULATOR,DC POWER SUPPLIES,PRECISION SOURCE UNIT,PXIE SMU模块,DC ELECTRONIC LOADS,精密台式仪器,DC BENCH POWER SUPPLIES,数据采集系统,无源探头接口适配器,数据采集/开关单元,低噪声源,功率器件分析仪,直流电子负载模块,PRECISION MEASURE UNIT,DUAL-CHANNEL CURRENT SENSOR,DC POWER ANALYZER,AC SINGLE-PHASE POWER SOURCES,交流电源,PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY SIMULATOR,来源/测量单位（SMU）,直流电源,BENCHVUE ADVANCED CONTROL AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE,SELECTABLE SHUNT CURRENT SENSOR,PRECISION BENCH INSTRUMENTS,DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM,5-CHANNEL SOURCE/MEASURE UNIT,单通道电流传感器,先进控制和分析软件,OSCILLOSCOPES,静电计/高阻计,SOURCE / MEASURE UNITS (SMUS),直流电源分析仪,ELECTROMETER/HIGH-RESISTANCE METER,可选分路电流传感器,直流台式电源,双通道电流传感器,LOW-SIDE CURRENT SENSOR,DC POWER ANALYZER,MULTICHANNEL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM,DC ELECTRONIC LOAD MODULE,示波器,低端电流传感器,TRIPLE OUTPUT PROGRAMMABLE DC POWER UNIT,DC SYSTEM POWER SUPPLIES,POWER CONTROL AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE,光伏模拟器,DEVICE CURRENT WAVEFORM ANALYZER,POWER DEVICE ANALYZERS,ADVANCED CONTROL AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE,PRECISION SOURCE/MEASURE UNIT (SMU),费托/皮安计,AC POWER SOURCE,模块化系统电源,SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE ANALYZER,超低噪声差分传感器,数字万用表,ULTRA-LOW NOISE DIFFERENTIAL SENSOR,LOW-NOISE SOURCE,SINGLE-CHANNEL CURRENT SENSOR,WAVEFORM GENERATORS,FEMTO/PICOAMMETER,波形发生器,PASSIVE PROBE INTERFACE ADAPTER,直流电子负载,5通道源/测量单元,E3640,33521B,B2987A,B2911A,M9240GENB,INFINIIUM S-SERIES,34460A,DAQM905A,D6000GENA,U8000,3000T X-SERIES,M9240NFCB,1000X,D3000GENA,D3000NFCA,D4000NFCA,D2000GENA,N5700,D4000GENA,N6791A,PV8921A,3458A,CX1103A,CX3322A,E3630,DAQ973A,RP7900 SERIES,B2962A,D6000BDLA,3000T,N6900,D4000BDLA,B2960,N5700 SERIES,P9240AUTB,B1506A,3000X,P9240NFCB,CX1102A,B2985A,M9111A,33600A,33612A,B2961A,E36100B SERIES,U8000 SERIES,34470A,DAQM903A,E36311A,6000X,33600A SERIES,D6000AERA,N3300A,DG9000,M9601A,D6000USBA,M9240AERB,6800,D2000AUTA,B1505A,B2960 SERIES,D3000AUTA,33611A,N6700 SERIES,DAQM904A,N8900,E3640 SERIES,B2900,33500B SERIES,34465A,N8900 SERIES,M9240BDLB,B2980,CX1104A,D6000PWRA,DAQ970A,BV9201B,N6790,P9240A,E36300 SERIES,33622A,P9240AERB,B2983A,33509B,2000X,DAQM909A,M9615A,1000 X-SERIES,DAQM900A,B2900 SERIES,U8030 SERIES,D6000AUTA,PV8900,AC6800 SERIES,N8700 SERIES,D4000AUTA,AC6801B,P9240BDLB,33512B,N6780,33500B,33621A,E3630 SERIES,DAQM902A,E36200 SERIES,N6700,E36300,B2902A,2000 X-SERIES,4000X,M9240PWRB,N6705,D3000PWRA,E36312A,N6900 SERIES,M9614A,DAQM901A,4000 X-SERIES,6800 SERIES,6000 X-SERIES,M9240A,N6705C,33511B,B2981A,D2000BDLA,P9240GENB,33519B,B2901A,RP7900,DAQM907A,AC6800,N3300A SERIES,D4000AERA,D3000AERA,N7900,D4000USBA,CX3324A,35520B,CX1101A,CX3300A,N7900 SERIES,33510B,33522B,N8700,B2980 SERIES,M9240AUTB,E36200,B2912A,DAQM908A,U8030,N6780 SERIES,34461A,B1500A,D3000BDLA,E36100B,D4000PWRA,AUTOMOBILE,智能电话,POWER AND CHARACTERIZING DEVICES,航空航天,SMART PHONE,物联网设备,TESTING HIGH-POWER DEVICES,DEFENSE,AUTOMATED TEST EQUIPMENT,ADVANCE TESTING HIGHER-POWER DEVICES,AEROSPACE,OPTIONAL POWER DISSIPATER,TESTING LOW-POWER DEVICES,IOT DEVICES,ECONOMICAL POWER SOURCE,汽车用品,国防

April 23, 2021 - 选型指南

DAQ970A/DAQ973A数据采集系统采集信号多，速度快，动态性好

该资料介绍了Keysight公司的DAQ970A/DAQ973A数据采集系统。系统具备高精度测量、多通道扫描、内置信号调节和多种接口等特点。支持多种输入信号测量，如温度、电压、电阻、频率等，并提供直观的图形界面和丰富的软件支持，适用于自动化测试和数据记录应用。

KEYSIGHT - DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM,数据采集系统,DAQ970A,DAQ973A,DAQM904A,DAQM905A,DAQM902A,DAQM903A,DAQM908A,DAQM909A,34970A,DAQM907A,34972A,11062A,34307A,DAQM900A,34905-60001,DAQM901A,34308A

June 19, 2020 - 商品及供应商介绍

数字万用表34460A、34461A、34465A（6½位）、34470A（7½位）

KEYSIGHT - DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,TRUEVOLT数字万用表,数字万用表,TRUEVOLT DMM,Y1133A,34190A,34191A,34171B,E2308A,34460A,34153A,34470A,34131A,34330A,34134A,11059A,34133A,34172B,34194A,34151A,34162A,34461A,34152A,11060A,34401A,34465A,11062A,34138A

December 10, 2020 - 数据手册查看更多版本

《Keysight DAQ970A/DAQ973A数据采集系统服务指南》

本资料为Keysight DAQ970A/DAQ973A数据采集系统服务指南，主要内容包括系统软件修订、安全注意事项、环境条件、法规信息、安全符号和法规标记、废物电气和电子设备（WEEE）指令、销售和技术支持、服务和维修等。指南详细介绍了系统的操作、维护和故障排除方法，旨在确保用户正确、安全地使用该数据采集系统。

KEYSIGHT - 多路复用模块,MULTIPLEXER MODULE,MODULE,DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM,数据采集系统,模组,DAQ970A,DAQ973A,DAQM900A,DAQM901A,DAQM904A,DAQM905A,DAQM902A,DAQM903A,DAQM908A,DAQM909A,DAQM907A

May 2022 - 用户指南 - Edition 3

兼容性和差异：34465A和34410A/34411A/L4411A数字万用表

Keysight Technologies推出的34465A Truevolt数字万用表（DMM）是针对34410A、34411A或L4411A用户的下一代DMM。34465A在功能、测量精度、SCPI兼容性等方面与旧一代DMM相当，机械尺寸和附件兼容。但两者在物理尺寸、校准程序、测量功能、编程等方面存在一些差异。34465A在性能上有所提升，如更高的测量速度、更宽的电流范围、额外的电容范围等。

KEYSIGHT - DIGITAL MULTIMETERS,数字万用表,L4411A,3446XA,33410A,33465A,34401A,34411A,34465A,34410A,34410,L4411AA

December 1, 2017 - 商品及供应商介绍