Understanding the Test Criteria of Optical Fiber Transceivers Used in Space

时间： 2024-05-09 来源：Smiths Interconnect library

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In space and avionics applications, failure is not an option. Components must stand extreme heat, cold, radiation, shock, and vibration, yet deliver reliable performance. Devices must be tested beyond what is specified to ensure performance in harsh environments to avoid failure.

Fig.1

By Jocelyn “Justin” Lauzon, Senior Technical Advisor at Reflex Photonics Inc.

Reliability is Critical for Components Operating in Space

This article was originally published in Military Embedded Systems in June of 2019.

What are the criteria of a good reliability test program and how should one be designed? In this article, we examine the reliability requirements of such devices and the steps involved in designing a test program to ensure reliability and performance.

Fig.2

Diagram of the possible connections between the causes of failure. Connections are indicated with solid lines, no connection with a dashed line. Preordained failures have an internal mechanism that produces the same outcome, failing at a set rate, from the moment of creation. (Source: AT&T Tech Journal, 1985)

Fig.3

Electronic devices in space are bombarded by various types of radiation including visible, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays and others.

The Advantages of Optical Fiber Extends to the Accuracy Demands of Space

In space, high performance components must be able to deliver reliably in the punishing environment. It is optical transceivers that drive transmissions, converting signals to and from a copper-resident format. Fiber optics communications provide high bandwidth and low latency signaling. Signal transmissions through fiber optic cables (FOCs) provide immunity to EM/RFI interference, crosstalk, and voltage level surges. Fiber optics’ accuracy and reliability exceeds traditional cabling. Covering 1,000 feet requires four pounds of FOC versus 39 pounds of copper wiring, and fiber optics also consume less energy than copper. To convert electrical signals from circuitries with copper output to fiber optics, Optical Fiber Transceivers are usually required.

Reflex Photonics’technology brands optical fiber transceivers support multiple electrical interfaces.

Fig.3

BGA electrical interface

Fig.4

MegArray™ electrical interface

Fig.5

LGA electrical interface

Fiber optics adds tremendous value to the entire system, therefore a suitable example within the scope of this article is a short-reach parallel multimode fiber optics transceiver supporting a large bandwidth (up to 28Gbps/channel). Intra-satellite communications require a high bit-rate. In prior years, optical transceivers represented high-performing technology, yet exhibited weakness in harsh environments. However, ruggedized, sealed optical transceivers now survive rocketing into orbit, extreme temperatures, and radiation. Testing optical devices primarily ensures quality and reliability. How does one test optical transceivers for reliable operation in harsh environments?

What Tests Are Needed to Ensure Critical Devices Can Endure the Harsh Environment of Space?

Several tests are necessary to ensure critical devices such as optical transceivers can provide reliable operation in space, including space applications testing (including radiation), mechanical, environmental, Life Tests, Live Tests, and rigorous screening tests for ensuring the reliability of subsequent lots.

How to Perform the Five Critical Tests?

In addition to a controlled set up, each test requires visual inspection for anomalies before and after the evaluation. A significant performance degradation associated with a test is considered a qualification failure. The focus of the discussion relates to mandatory testing of fiber optic transceivers (FOTs) intended for operation in space or a similarly harsh environment. All devices need mechanical and environmental testing to verify long-term integrity. Mandatory Tests also include Life and Live Tests. Such tests can help root out design or process flaws. Finally, even if units pass all tests, every subsequent lot of units must undergo screening tests.

Mandatory Mechanical and Environmental Tests

Three consecutive mechanical tests are executed on the same FOTs. Before and after completion of the mechanical integrity evaluation, units must be visually inspected and characterized over the operating temperature range to confirm no significant performance degradation occurs. Mechanical integrity evaluation tests are executed on non-operating units, in the order below:

Vibration tests across all three axes (20g between 20Hz and 2000Hz at sixteen minutes per axis)

Mechanical shock tests of five repetitions each over all six orientations, using 500g shock on a half-sine pulse duration of 0.5ms

Thermal shock tests consisting of twenty cycles between 0 and 100℃ with ten minutes dwell time and transient time of less than five seconds

Three environmental stress tests for FOTs include:

A temperature cycling test to evaluate mechanical fatigue over the component’s lifetime. For example, a mismatch of dissimilar materials subjected to thermal expansion can cause failure.

A damp heat test to ensure that a sealed FOT can continually provide resistance to a moisture-filled atmosphere.

A sequence of tests, applicable only to products with a BGA electrical interface compatible with solder reflow, is performed. These test for possible impact on reflow profile and cold temperature storage.

Life Tests

Life Tests validate long-term reliability via extensive, hastened lifetime tests with several units from different lots. Life tests are not intended to test for infant mortality, for which burn-in tests would suit. Life tests forecast performance degradation over a lifetime. To emulate operating for more than 20 years, an FOT operates at a bias current exceeding operating condition by 80 percent for 4000 hours at a case temperature of 100℃.

Live Tests

Live Tests, although more complex, thoroughly evaluate the performance of several electrical and optical interface configurations.

Live testing is performed with high-speed digital signals operating through every channel of the DUT (Device Under Test). As the DUT is stressed, transmission errors are measured to maintain a BER (bit error rate) that is better than 1 error in one trillion bits while operating under harsh conditions. Tested under stress, a significant signal degradation of an FOT will demonstrate a cumulative effect from both transmitter and receiver areas that would impact the error count.

Fig.6

Live test setup configuration.

Space Applications Tests

A major threat in space is radiation. Radiation testing must be split into three different categories for evaluation, covering potential complications related to geostationary or low-earth orbit environments. At least five units should be collected for each test. The tests should be repeated when FOT critical components arrive from new fabrication lots. The radiation tests are:

A non-operational test with a Total Non-Ionizing Dose (TNID) protons (5e12proton/cm2total dose).

A live test, Single Event Effects (SEE), at both room temperature and 85℃, including heavy ions (Ho, Cu, Ar, Ne, N, each for a total fluence of 1x107ions/cm²).

A biased and un-biased test with Total Ionizing Dose (TID) of gamma rays (100 krad cumulative dose).

The number of errors/events caused by live radiation tests must be compared to those occurring at acceptable levels. For non-operational tests, the performance of FOTs before and after the application of radiation dosages are compared and can only differ negligibly to pass. A ruggedized FOT that is sealed with encapsulation material must undergo an outgassing test. Live thermal vacuum tests, maintaining a vacuum of at least 5x10-5hPa for at least twenty thermal cycles extending from -40℃ to 85℃, ramp temperature at ~5℃/minute, with 5-minute dwell times must also be completed. Other tests for space applications include decompression tests, which can also be used to qualify parts for avionics applications. Decompression tests demonstrate that performance is not affected at pressure levels emulating a 2,438m or 8,000 ft altitude, ramping to 15,850m or 52,000 ft (in less than 15 s), and remaining there for one hour.

Fig.7

A highly ruggedized, radiation resistant optical transceiver suitable for use in satellites. The SpaceABLE28™ model has high I/O density with up to 28Gbps/lane from -40℃ to 85℃.

Screening Tests

Finally, Screening Tests of six thermal cycles ramping at 8°C/minute with five-minute dwell times are completed for continuous assurance of quality COTS devices. Added to thermal cycling is a burn-in with a duration of 168 hours and a case temperature 100°C, operating at normal bias current. After a new FOT design is qualified via the aforementioned testing, units from subsequent production lots are validated with the screening process. Temperature cycling tests tend to reveal assembly defects, whereas burn-in tests exhibit infant mortality rates.

Conclusion

As discussed above, in applications such as space, avionics, and defense, failure is not acceptable. Components and systems must withstand extreme heat, cold, radiation, shock, and vibration to deliver reliable performance. Finding failures, defects, and marginal components through stringent testing is essential, and leads to products with a long life and high reliability in the field and space. The five critical tests include Mandatory Mechanical and Environmental Tests, Life Tests, Live Tests, Space Applications Tests, and finally, Screening Tests. Advancing through a significant number of tests designed to demonstrate reliability in harsh environments results in fiber optic transceivers that meet or exceed operational requirements, and typically outweigh cost saving considerations for many critical applications.

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本文由三年不鸣转载自Smiths Interconnect library，原文标题为:Understanding the Test Criteria of Optical Fiber Transceivers Used in Space，本站所有转载文章系出于传递更多信息之目的，且明确注明来源，不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系，我们将立即进行删除处理。

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型号- 8863-0150,8404-0121-XX,8906-0171-XX,8560-0099-XX,8904- 0129-XX,8907-0140-XX,8104-0104-40,8410-0105-50,8516-0201-XX,8908-0108-XX,BMI-S-209-F,8856-01C3,4740,8401-0133-XX,8863-0140,8863-0145,8907-0174-XX,8563-0133-XX,8563-0108-XX,8403-0106-50,8563-0213-XX,8901-0117-XX,8403-0105-XX,8863-0130,8863-0135,4741,4742,4744,4502,8412-01XX-54,8412-01XX-52,8915-0130-XX,8408-0251-XX,8901-0176-XX,8412-01XX-55,4520,8918-0105-XX,8402-01XX-XX,8412-01XX-50,8415-0112-64,8413-0105-64,8863-0120,4518,8904-0129-XX,8901-0140-XX,8103-0101-40,8863-0125,4512,4513,8401-0121-XX,4516,4517,8563-0131-XX,4531,8863-0196,8401-0155-XX,8412-01XX-61,8412-01XX-60,8863-0197,8560-0143-XX,4N64EF51N00225,4529,4N64EM51N00171,8863-0198,8863-0199,8103-0125-40,8907-0129-XX,4522,4524,4525,8908-0180-XX,4528,2238 -.25,8563-0077-XX,8103-0113-40,BMI-S-207-F,4541,4542,4N64ER51N00225,8863-0180,8104-01XX-48,8104-01XX-49,8908-0118-XX,8415-0110-64,8863-0183,8516-0211-XX,8863-0184,8909-0122-XX,4532,BMI-S-305,8905-0157-XX,4533,4534,4536,4537,SNC70-RXP,8401-0123-XX,8868-0085,8560-0330-XX,8903-0171-XX,4791,4N64EP51N00171,4792,88980001XXA,4795,8863-0170,8401-0111-XX,8905-0180-XX,8863-0175,8409-0173-50,8868-0084,8868-0081,8902-0135-XX,8904-0105-XX,8563-0089-XX,8860-0093-100-XX,4302,4786,4787,4788,4789,4548,8563-0165-XX,8902-0101-XX,8868-0075,4320,8863-0160,8101-0104-40,8868-0070,8863-0165,8409-0106-50,88900001XXA,8414-0108-64,8402-0102-XX,4796,4797,4798,8403-0115-XX,S363-0120,4315,4799,8563-0143-XX,8563-0106-XX,*4500,4571,*4501,4330,4573,8910- 0125-XX,4575,323S,8860-0093-324-XX,8416-0320-22,8401-0113-XX,97-568*,8563-0090-XX,2388,8904-0137-XX,4325,4568,8404-0118-XX,8416-0120-23,8912-0140-XX,8101-01XX-49,8101-01XX-48,8101-01XX-47,4582,8412-0104-50,4583,4584,4100,8903-0122-XX,8101-0102-40,8101-01XX-41,8417-3XXX-62,8101-01XX-40,8416-0320-21,4N64EW51N00281,8103-0103-40,*77-091,4579,4339,8563-0279-XX,8909-0178-XX,8410-0107-50,8890-MGS103072-93,8908-0157-XX,4591,4593,4594,4110,4111,4112,4596,8414-0104-64,4597,4355,4113,77-090B,8408-0212-XX,8903-0110-XX,8563-0255-XX,2240 -.25,77-110,8911-0102-XX,4105,4106,8104-0106-40,8401-0101-XX,4349,8103-0115-40,4360,4361,4120,8300-0100-44,8906-0116-XX,4363,4121,4123,4365,8563-0079-XX,8860-0093-300-XX,77-100,77-101,4356,4114,8908-0101-XX,8402-0106-XX,4599,4357,4115,8102-0209-40,4358,5206,4359,4117,8907-0107-XX,8902-0108-XX,4370,*4300,8406-01XX-55,4372,8907-0109-XX,8406-01XX-54,4131,97-630,8403-0107-XX,97-631,4375,4133,97-632,4134,4376,8416-0120-57,97-633,8563-0211-XX,97-634,8916-0135-XX,8563-0080-XX,8906-0175-XX,8401-0103-XX,8406-01XX-60,4368,4126,8563-0257-XX,8862-0105,8907- 0129-XX,8104-0108-40,SNN60-RXP,8910-0125-XX,8862-0100,8406-01XX-61,4N64EK51N00138,8905-0116-XX,8413-0103-64,4142,8860-0032-324-XX,8909-0102-XX,4143,97-620,97-621,4387,97-622,97-623,97-624,8860-0032-150-XX,8908-0177-XX,8401-0137-XX,97-627,97-628,97-629,8404-0108-XX,8402-0104-XX,8912-0150-XX,8414-0106-64,4136,8408-0200-XX,4379,8102-0207-40,8909-0168-XX,8406-01XX-52,8563-0128-XX,8406-01XX-50,4392,4150,4394,97-610,97-611,4157,97-612,97-613,97-614,8904-0125-XX,97-615,97-616,SNL60-RXP,97-618,8560-0145-XX,97-619,4391,8903-0156-XX,8560-0097-XX,*77-083,*77-084,*77-085,8901-0107-XX,4389,8906-0118-XX,4148,*77-082,8516-0203-XX,4161,4163,8412-0102-50,4164,8563-0327-XX,8904-0170-XX,8563-0069-XX,4168,97-603,97-604,97-605,0095-X997-00,8901-0130-XX,97-606,97-607,4160,*77-078,*77-079,M83528/002X006,8103-0105-40,8907-0176-XX,8862-0114,4158,8862-0113,8401-0125-XX,8862-0112,4172,4173,8864-2618,4176,8907-0157-XX,8906-0107-XX,4179,97-438,4170,4171,8912-0102-XX,89XX-01XX-43,8103-0106-40,89XX-01XX-42,8918-0135-XX,89XX-01XX-40,77-106D,4169,8860-0100-100-XX,4184,8403-0112-XX,4186,8104-0109-40,4189,4N64EH51N00290,3363-0197,8864-3714,4181,BMI-S-201-F,8864-3715,4182,8401-0127-XX,2238 - S,77-105C,8402-0108-XX,843X-2XXX-X,8911-0145-XX,8414-01XX-65,8414-01XX-64,8404-0115-XX,4194,97-650,8103-0118-40,4198,8907-0180-XX,4199,8403-01XX-55,8403-01XX-54,8560-0311-XX,8403-01XX-52,8902-0150-XX,4192,8401-0115-XX,8403-01XX-50,8860-0125-300-XX,8408-0245-XX,3027-235,8563-0161-XX,BMI-C-010-*,8905-0137-XX,8910-0140-XX,97-640,8408-0209-XX,8904-0168-XX,8409-0158-50,8403-0101-50,97-645,97-646,8911- 0125-XX,8403-01XX-60,8913-0140-XX,8403-01XX-61,8415-0106-64,8914- 0130-XX,8909-0105-XX,8902-0117-XX,8563-0116-XX,8404-0105-XX,BMI-S-210-F,8401-0117-XX,M83528/009X002,M83528/009X001,8904-0156-XX,8864-0231,8516-0205-XX,M83528/009X005,8560-0435-XX,M83528/009X004,8410-0101-50*,8563-0071-XX,M83528/009X003,M83528/009X009,M83528/009X008,M83528/009X007,8904-0110-XX,8409-0168-50,8408-0257-XX,8864-3515,3078-500,8563-0254-XX,8910-0105-XX,8415-0104-64,8907-0101-XX,8300-0038-44,8403-0109-XX,8906-0109-XX,8563-0095-XX,8103-0108-40,8911-0135-XX,8860-0032-300-XX,8902- 0129-XX,8901-0110-XX,8905-0175-XX,8915- 0130-XX,8414-01XX-56,SNK55-RXP,8401-0105-XX,97-440,8403-0110-XX,8902-0174-XX,8917-0130-XX,8102-0205-40,8414-0103-64,BMI-C-006,5092,BMI-C-002,BMI-C-001,BMI-C-004,8913-0150-XX,8904-0178-XX,M83528/009X013,M83528/009X012,M83528/009X011,M83528/0

FEB2022 - LAIRD - 选型指南代理服务技术支持批量订货

Reliability Testing of COTS Fibre Optic Transceivers

With a dedicated design associated with critical circuit adjustments, COTS optical fiber transceivers can meet space applications requirements and are thus ready for short term deployment in large bandwidth communication satellites.

2024-03-05 - 技术探讨代理服务技术支持批量订货

空间连接解决方案

描述- Smiths Interconnect作为太空应用中选择的首选供应商，提供安全、高效且高度可靠的连接解决方案。公司凭借超过80年的太空市场经验，设计并制造了小型化、轻量化且坚固耐用的产品，以应对振动、冲击、极端温度和辐射等恶劣环境。其技术品牌包括EMC、Hypertac、IDI、Lorch、Millitech、Plastronics、Reflex Photonics、RF Labs、Sabritec、TECOM、TRAK和HSI，这些品牌以其在高科技和高品质解决方案中的卓越性能而闻名。产品组合涵盖了高可靠性电气连接器和电缆组件、耐用嵌入式收发器、天线系统解决方案以及广泛的创新射频和微波解决方案。此外，Smiths Interconnect还为国际航天机构提供服务，并在多个空间飞行项目中表现出色。

型号- HC SERIES,K2TVA,AURORA,MWC,KU SERIES,AURORA SERIES,MWC SERIES,QT SERIES

2024/4/12 - SMITHS INTERCONNECT - 商品及供应商介绍 - Version 3.2 代理服务技术支持批量订货

热界面解决方案

型号- TPLI™ 200,7000,TPUTTY™ 607,TGARD™ 500,P100,TFLEX™ HD80000,P300,TGARD™ 220,210B,TPUTTY™ 403,TFLEX™ HD7.5,TGREASE™ 300X,230,SF10,2500,910,TFLEX™ CR607,TFLEX™ P100,TPUTTY™ 910,TFLEX™ 300,TFLEX™ CR900,TGARD™ 230,TFLEX™ P300,TGARD™ 210B,B200,TPCM™ 7000,SF600,200,TNC-4,TGARD™ TNC-4,600,TFLEX™ SF10,SF800,403,CR607,TFLEX™ B200,607,SLIM TIM™ 10000,TPUTTY™ 508,5000,TPUTTY™ 502,HP34,HD80000,TFLEX™ HD700,TFLEX™ CR350,TGREASE™ 2500,300X,HD7.5,TFLEX™ HD300,TPCM™ 780,TPCM™ 580,208B,TFLEX™ HR600,TGARD™ 208B,HD300,TFLEX™ 600,CR350,TFLEX™ SF800,UT20000,HD700,TPCM™ 5000,580,TGARD™ K52-3,TFLEX™ SF600,780,HR600,220,TFLEX™ HP34,TGARD™ K52-2,300,TGARD™ K52-1,K52-2,K52-1,500,502,TFLEX™ UT20000,K52-3,10000,CR900,508,TGARD™ 5000

FEB2023 - LAIRD - 商品及供应商介绍代理服务技术支持批量订货

SWaP challenges in the defence industry: How Smiths Interconnect rises to the challenge

The defence industry has exceptionally high connectivity demands, especially when it comes to size, weight and power (SWaP). Smiths Interconnect is an industry-leading provider of cutting-edge connectivity solutions to the defence sector for applications such as guidance systems, data links, manpack radios, radar systems (ground, air and shipboard), antenna systems and drones.

2024-02-28 - 原厂动态代理服务技术支持批量订货

国防连接解决方案

描述- Smiths Interconnect 提供一系列高可靠性连接解决方案，服务于军事和国防、医疗、半导体测试和工业市场。其产品包括集成微波组件、方向寻找器、卫星通信、数据链路、天线、光收发器和连接器解决方案等。公司技术品牌（如EMC、Hypertac、IDI、Lorch等）以其高性能和高品质解决方案而闻名，适用于安全关键应用和环境苛刻条件。产品线涵盖了高可靠性电气连接器、坚固嵌入式收发器、天线系统解决方案以及广泛的创新射频和微波解决方案。此外，Smiths Interconnect 还提供定制设计和全球支持服务。

2024/4/9 - SMITHS INTERCONNECT - 商品及供应商介绍 - Version 3.2 代理服务技术支持批量订货查看更多版本

海底电缆保护：Njord Polyspace

描述- Njord Polyspace是一种专为海底电缆交叉点处保持电缆与现有管道之间正距离而设计的系统。该系统由互锁的海上级高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）半壳组成，通过耐腐蚀金属带固定在电缆周围。它提供至少350毫米的间隔，以减少电缆之间的干扰。

2019/10/16 - 特瑞堡 - 数据手册代理服务技术支持批量订货

High-density 12 Transmitters Plus 12 Receivers Rugged Optical Fiber Transceivers

Smiths Interconnect has developed compact 120G full duplex (12+12) 10.3125 Gbps/lane optical fiber transceivers for harsh environment applications such as Aerospace and Defense.

2024-02-29 - 原厂动态代理服务技术支持批量订货

Exxelia 位置传感器与集电环选型指南

目录- ElectroMechanical Products overview ElectroMechanical Products GENERAL TECHNICAL DATA Contactless Position Sensors SINGLE TURN ENCODER PRECISION POTENTIOMETER Slip rings & Rotary Joints Slip rings ROTARY JOINTS Hybrid Systems ElectroMechanical Products Customer Request Form Other ElectroMechanical Products Introduction

型号- R1505 B,7320,IE09,R9209 B,R9405 S,7315,7318,IE11,7330,R1604,M1505,R9405 B,R9209,C1504,R9405,IME15,AE09,R1505 S,AE23H,C1509,RS422,R9209 S,RSTTL,AME13,AME15,7300,C9209 S,C1516,AME16PC,C0104,AE15,AE13,AE11,AME09,C9209 B,R1504,R1505,IE15,AME04,7311,AME05,7313,C9405,R9306,C9209,C9405 S,R9503,7305,RS485,AE23,7309,C9405 B,7308

2016/6/14 - EXXELIA - 选型指南代理服务技术支持批量订货

Overcome Challenges in Embedded Optical Interconnects Design

This article has outlined the advantages and challenges of using fiber optical interconnects. To use fiber optic cables, the electrical signals need to be converted to light signals using fiber optic transceivers. While there are many challenges to embedded fiber optics design, the benefits are substantial. The guidelines and design check list provided will help developers select the best solutions for their needs.

2024-02-25 - 应用方案代理服务技术支持批量订货