Signal Analysis in 5G NR Base Station Transmitters: Part 3

时间： 2022-07-26 来源：Keysight

In this blog, we will focus on unwanted emissions testing as another requirement defined by 3GPP standards when performing the signal analysis (spectrum analysis) on base station transmitters.

Unwanted emissions are out-of-band and spurious emissions and can be analyzed using a signal analyzer (spectrum analyzer). The out-of-band emissions are the unwanted emissions immediately outside the channel bandwidth resulting from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions. Spurious emissions are emissions caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as harmonics emission, parasitic emission, intermodulation products, and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.

The base station transmitter's specified out-of-band emission requirements are adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and operating band unwanted emissions (OBUE). These requirements target the emission impact to different frequency offsets. ACLR only focuses on the power leakage to its adjacent channels, while the OBUE covers the entire operating band as well as an offset at each side. By using a signal analyzer (spectrum analyzer) you can analyze all these unwanted emissions when evaluating your base station transmitter signal quality.

ACLR Measurements

ACLR is the ratio of the filtered mean power centered on the assigned channel frequency to the filtered mean power centered on an adjacent channel frequency. The purpose of ACLR is to control the power leakage to adjacent channels under a certain level to reduce interference. The transmitted signal could be single or multicarrier, and the requirements apply to both.

Figure 1 is an example of the signal analysis (spectrum analysis) of a conducted ACLR result using KEYSIGHT's UXA signal analyzers (spectrum analyzers) and PathWave X-Series measurement applications. The base station is transmitting 100MHz test model 1.1 for frequency range (FR)1, and it's a single carrier signal at a frequency of 3.5GHz. The metrics table displays the information for ACLR measurement, including total carrier power, frequency offsets, integration bandwidth for each offset, the measured ACLR, and the absolute power value. This signal analysis (spectrum analysis) also provides the flexibility to customize the pass / fail criteria, representing only the ACLR, only absolute power, and ACLR and/or absolute power. Similar to other measurements, a preset is also available for ACLR. Therefore, the signal analyzer (spectrum analyzer) can automatically configure the adjacent channel offset, bandwidth, and limit, based on the frequency band, base station type, class, and category.

Figure 1. An example of conducted lower ACLR measurement using Keysight's UXA X-Series signal analyzer (spectrum analyzer)

OBUE Measurements

OBUE measures the emissions close to the assigned channel bandwidth of the wanted signal while the transmitter is in operation. The defined unwanted emissions from the operating band measure the out-of-channel emissions over the whole base station transmitter operating band with an offset on each side. These are the unwanted emissions resulting from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions.

Figure 2 is a signal analysis (spectrum analysis) example of two-component carrier signals with the non-contiguous spectrum in a conducted test setup, using Keysight's UXA signal analyzers (spectrum analyzers) and PathWave X-Series measurement applications. This example refers to the measurement within a sub-block gap at 100MHz; the measured trace is displayed in multiple segments, together with the blue line on the top that shows the limit mask within the sub-block gap. This result includes the cumulative region with a stop frequency of 10.5MHz and also the non-cumulative region with a fixed limit value, consistent with the 3GPP required mask. The table in the figure reports the worse point in each segment at both upper and lower sides, including the frequency location, power level, and delta to limit.

Figure 2. An example of a cumulative mask for a 100 MHz sub-block gap using Keysight's UXA X-Series signal analyzer (spectrum analyzer)

Spurious emissions

A key question in signal analysis (spectrum analysis) is "how will the emission of 5G NR signal possibly impact the other systems that are out of the operating band?" Spurious emission measures the emissions across a much wider frequency range to ensure the emission level is under the limit. The measurement region includes two parts, the first part is from 9kHz to ΔfOBUE below the operating band, and the second part is from ΔfOBUE above the operating band to 12.75GHz. For some operating bands, if the fifth harmonic of the upper-frequency edge is higher than 12.75GHz, the emission limit should also cover the fifth harmonic point.

Figure 3 is an example of band n78, where the frequency range is from 3.3 to 3.8GHz, using Keysight's UXA signal analyzers (spectrum analyzers) and PathWave X-Series measurement applications. According to the test requirement, the 1.1 signal transmits at the bottom channel to measure the frequency range below the band, while the top channel measures above the band. The bottom table in this figure shows the top ten spurs detected for each frequency range, so the user can place a marker on the spur of interest to check its frequency and emission level. If all the measured points fall below the limit line, the spurious emission test passes. Otherwise, the failed spurs in the table display appear as a red "F".

Figure 3. An example of a conducted spurious emission measurement of band n78 using Keysight's UXA X-Series signal analyzer (spectrum analyzer)

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本文由Vicky转载自Keysight，原文标题为:Signal Analysis in 5G NR Base Station Transmitters: Part 3，本站所有转载文章系出于传递更多信息之目的，且明确注明来源，不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系，我们将立即进行删除处理。

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July 2019 - 用户指南 - Edition 1

《Keysight X系列信号分析仪SA模式测量指南》

本资料为Keysight X-Series信号分析仪的测量应用指南，涵盖了N9040B UXA、N9030B PXA、N9020B MXA、N9010B EXA、N9000B CXA、N8973B NFA等型号。内容包括：技术文档、用户界面控制、预设功能、数值输入、测量配置、模式选择、帮助系统、信号查看、频率和幅度读取、参考电平调整、频率精度提升、推荐测试设备、多信号测量、信号比较、低电平信号测量、频率漂移测量、失真测量、噪声测量、时间门测量、数字通信信号测量、统计功率测量、调制解调、IQ分析、异常发射测量、频谱发射掩码测量、占用带宽测量、突发功率测量、信道功率测量、邻信道功率测量、功率统计CCDF测量、TOI测量、谐波测量、列表扫描测量等。

KEYSIGHT - SIGNAL ANALYZERS,信号分析仪,N9020B MXA,N9000B CXA,N9030B PXA,X-SERIES,N9040B UXA,N8973B NFA,N9010B EXA

February 2016 - 用户指南 - Edition 1

Keysight Expounds Every Loss Counts in Millimeter-Wave Measurements

Millimeter-wave technology is a key enabler for next-generation cellular and satellite communications. Keysight provides ample margin for performance improvement, but it also creates many challenges. At millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies, excessive path loss makes RF power limited and costly. Any skew in a flange connection can cause unwanted reflections that degrade signal quality and power. Also, the components designed for mmWave devices are compact and highly integrated with no place to probe, resulting in the need for radiated tests, also known as over-the-air (OTA) tests.

2021-05-27 - 新技术

Signal Studio、X-Apps和89600 VSA软件的订阅捆绑包配置指南

Keysight推出新的订阅捆绑软件许可，适用于PathWave Signal Generation (Signal Studio)、PathWave Measurement Application (X-apps)和PathWave Vector Signal Analysis (89600 VSA)。这些订阅捆绑包提供灵活的许可类型和期限，包括预定义和动态两种类型，旨在降低前期成本，保持技术更新，并适应项目变化。此外，还提供了针对特定应用的折扣，并提供了多种捆绑包选项，包括信号生成、测量应用和向量信号分析。

KEYSIGHT - SIGNAL ANALYZERS,SIGNAL GENERATOR,信号发生器,CUSTOM MODULATION PACKAGE,信号分析仪,无线封装,蜂窝式封装,脉冲分析包,CELLULAR PACKAGE,PULSE ANALYSIS PACKAGE,WIRELESS PACKAGE,定制调制包,N7624EMBC,N76XXAPPC,N7689BA5C,N7631APPC,N7606EMBC,89601AYAC,89601BHMC,N7624ORNC,N7618APPC,N7640EMBC,N9065EM1E,N7614EMBC,N9089B04E,N9063EM0E,N7630EMBC,N9055EM0E,89601C,N9068EM0E,N9077EM2E,N9080EM4E,N7626EMBC,89601BHTC,N7625APPC,N9092EM0E,N7608EMBC,N7689EM4C,89601301C,N9061EM0E,N7612EMBC,N9089B03E,N9093EM1E,N7637APPC,N9082EM0E,N9080EM3E,N7602EMBC,N9073EM0E,N9067EM0E,N7610EMBC,89601B7RC,N9076EM0E,N9089B02E,89601CSDC,N7689EAXC,N9071EM0E,N7618APPC,N9084EM0E,N9089B01E,N7617EMBC,N90EMBWSB,N9065EM0E,N6141EM0E,89601EVMC,89604C,N9079EM0E,89601PSMC,N7607EMBC,N7624APPC,N7615EMBC,N7631ORNC,89601BHQC,N7631EMBC,N7689AP1C,N9054EM0E,N76XXEMBC,N7623EMBC,N9085EM0E,89601CC2C,89601BHXC,N7625ORNC,89601B7NC,N9080EM0E,N7626APPC,N9093EM0E,N7689PAXC,N7609EMBC,89601BHPC,N7642APPC,N7600EMBC,N7689EAZC,N7608APPC,N9062EM0E,N7625EMBC,N9056EM0E,89601BHHC,N9069EM0E,N9054EM1E,89601200C,N7630APPC,N7689B5BC,N7637EMBC,N7653APPC,N9091EM0E,89602C,N9077EM1E,N7611EMBC,89601CC1C,N7601EMBC,N9081EM0E,89600 VSA,N7689EM1C,89601BHGC,N7608RAWC,N9072EM0E,N7621APPC,89603C,N7689ORNC,N7605EMBC,89601BAXC,N7651APPC,N9077EM0E,X-SERIES,N7689PAZC,N9089BAXE,89601BHNC,N7689EM2C,89601101C,N9083EM0E,89601BHFC

June 15, 2022 - 用户指南

HP 8591A频谱分析仪，性能便携

KEYSIGHT - 光谱分析仪,SPECTRUM ANALYZERS,HP 8595A,HP 8594A,HP 8593A,HP 8591A,HP 8120-5211,HP 8120-5210,HP 8120-5212

July 2004 - 用户指南

SignalVu PC矢量信号分析软件可打印帮助

TEKTRONIX - 示波器,实时信号分析仪,OSCILLOSCOPE,光谱分析仪,REAL-TIME SIGNAL ANALYZER,SPECTRUM ANALYZERS,077-0720-14,RSA500A SERIES,RSA500A,RSA600A SERIES,RSA306B,RSA600A,MDO4000C SERIES,RSA7100A,MDO4000B,MDO4000C,RSA5100,RSA6100 SERIES,RSA6100,MDO4000B SERIES

April 3, 2019 - 用户指南查看更多版本

Keysight（是德科技）射频产品选型指南

RF Products Introduction The RF Toolbox Signal Generators PXI Vector Transceivers Network Analyzers FieldFox Handheld Analyzers

KEYSIGHT - RF TOOLBOX,SIGNAL ANALYZERS,HANDHELD MICROWAVE ANALYZER,信号分析仪,MICROWAVE VECTOR SIGNAL GENERATOR,SPECTRUM ANALYZER,SIGNAL GENERATORS,HANDHELD RF ANALYZERS,VECTOR TRANSCEIVERS,手持式射频分析仪,手持式微波分析仪,HANDHELD MMWAVE ANALYZERS,信号发生器,NETWORK ANALYZERS,SIGNAL ANALYZER,COMBO ANALYZER,VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER,VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER,手持式毫米波分析仪,网络分析仪,PXI VECTOR TRANSCEIVERS,微波矢量信号发生器,PXI矢量收发器,M9383B,PNA,PNA-X,N5172B,N9962B,P50XXA USB,N9000B CXA,E5080B,M937XA,M9421A,M9384B,N5181B,N9935B,N5173B,P93XXB,E8663D,N9021B MXA,P937XA,N9040B UXA,E8267D,P937XA USB,E5063A,M9484C,N9042B UXA,N9952B,N5166B,N5182B,M980XA PXI,N9010B EXA,N9960A,E5061B ENA,N9030B PXA,M9415A,M937XA PXI,N9041B UXA,M9411A,N9928A,N9032B PXA,E5080B ENA,N5171B,N9913B,N5183B,N9913A,E8257D,X-SERIES,M980XA,P50XXA,P50XXB,N9020B MXA,E5063A ENA,E5061B,M9410A,PNA MM-WAVE,WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS,能源,汽车,DEFENSE,航空航天,无线通信,AEROSPACE,物联网,AUTOMOTIVE,国防,IOT,ENERGY

October 20, 2022 - 选型指南

适用于MXA-N9020A、EXA-N9010A系列频谱分析仪的Keysight PS-X10-100 Web远程控制软件

Keysight公司推出的PS-X10-100 Web远程控制软件，允许用户通过互联网或公司内部网络远程控制MXA-N9020A、EXA-N9010A系列频谱分析仪。软件支持多种显示和功能控制，包括频谱分析、信号监测、CATV监控等，适用于多种应用场景，如卫星地球站监控、制造过程监控等。软件支持多种操作系统和硬件配置，并提供了详细的系统要求。

KEYSIGHT - PCMCIA-GPIB INTERFACE CARD,PCI-GPIB接口卡,LAN-GPIB GATEWAYS,PCI-GPIB INTERFACE CARD,光谱分析仪,SPECTRUM ANALYZERS,WEB REMOTE CONTROL SOFTWARE,LAN-GPIB网关,WEB远程控制软件,PCMCIA-GPIB接口卡,MXA-N9020A,PS-X10-100,EXA-N9010A,E2050A,82350A,频谱分析仪的控制,APPLICATION REQUIRING REMOTE VIEWING,CONTROL OF THE SPECTRUM ANALYZER,需要远程查看的应用程序

December 1, 2017 - 商品及供应商介绍