【技术】一文介绍微波通信系统中的两种数字传输制式PDH与SDH
微波通信系统的发展也同其它无线电通信系统一样经历了由模拟到数字的转换。
模拟微波系统每个收发信机可以工作于60路、960路、1800路或2700路通信,可用于不同容量等级的微波电路,但由于技术的进步,模拟系统已经完全退出市场;数字微波系统应用数字复用设备以30路电话按时分复用原理组成一次群,进而可组成二次群120路、三次群480路、四次群1920路,并经过数字调制器调制于发射机上,在接收端经数字解调器还原成多路电话。
在数字传输系统中,有两种数字传输制式,一种叫“准同步数字系列”(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy),简称PDH;另一种叫“同步数字系列”(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy),简称SDH。
PDH系统,是在数字通信网的每个节点上都分别设置高精度的时钟,这些时钟的信号都具有统一的标准速率。尽管每个时钟的精度都很高,但总还是有一些微小的差别。为了保证通信的质量,要求这些时钟的差别不能超过规定的范围。因此,这种同步方式严格来说不是真正的同步,所以叫做“准同步”。
准同步数字系列的标准有两种,即欧洲的E系列和美国的T系列标准,主要是为实现同步在各支路信号中插入一定数量的脉冲。两种系统的互连互通需要相应的信号处理和转换。
在以往的电信网中,多使用PDH设备,这种系列对传统的点到点通信有较好的适应性。而随着数字通信的迅速发展,点到点的直接传输越来越少,而大部分数字传输都要经过转接,因而PDH系列便不能适合现代电信业务开发的需要,以及现代化电信网管理的需要。SDH就是适应这种新的需要而出现的传输体系。
PDH的弊端越来越限制通信系统性能的提升,主要表现在以下几个方面:
1.国际互通困难
2.无统一的光接口标准,设备横向兼容困难
3.准同步复用方式,上下电路不便
4.网络管理能力弱,建立集中式电信管理网困难
SDH概念最早是由美国贝尔通信研究所提出的,称为光同步网络(SONET)。它是高速、大容量光纤传输技术和高度灵活、又便于管理控制的智能网技术的有机结合。最初的目的是在光路上实现标准化,便于不同厂家的产品能在光路上互通,从而提高网络的灵活性。1988年,国际电报电话咨询委员会(CCITT)受了SONET的概念,重新命名为“同步数字系列(SDH)”,使它不仅适用于光纤,也适用于微波和卫星传输的技术体制,并且使其网络管理功能大大增强。
SDH技术与PDH技术相比,有如下明显优点:
1.网络管理能力大大加强。
2.提出了自愈网的新概念。用SDH设备组成的带有自愈保护能力的环网形式,可以在传输媒体主信号被切断时,自动通过自愈网恢复正常通信。
3.统一的比特率,统一的接口标准,为不同厂家设备间的互联提供了可能。
4.采用字节复接技术,使网络中上下支路信号变得十分简单。
由于SDH具有上述显著优点,它取代PDH在初期的信息高速公路建设中得到了广泛地应用,但是在与信息高速公路相连接的支路和叉路上,PDH设备仍将有用武之地。
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本文由玉鹤甘茗转载自优译官网,原文标题为:数字微波通信系统 2-PDH和SDH系统,本站所有转载文章系出于传递更多信息之目的,且明确注明来源,不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
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1),R&S®FSMR3,R&S®RT-ZC20,R&S®ESR3,R&S®EMC32-K10A,R&S®ETC,R&S®RTM-K7,R&S®RTM-K6,R&S®ESW,R&S®FSW-K76,R&S®FSW-K77,R&S®RTM-K3,R&S®RTM-K2,R&S®ZVA-Z90,R&S®TS-PSC5,R&S®RTM-K5,R&S®NRP50S(N),R&S®RTM-K1,R&S®RTM-K18,R&S®FSW-K6S,R&S®ESR,R&S®FSW-K72,R&S®FSW-K73,R&S®ZVA-Z500,R&S®TS-PSC57,R&S®EDS-B4,R&S®EDS-B2,R&S®ESL,HZO20,R&S®RT-ZC30,R&S®ZVA-ZXX,R&S®TS-PSC0,R&S®VTS,R&S®VTE,R&S®ZVT20,R&S®ZV-Z53,R&S®ZV-Z54,R&S®FSL-B7,R&S®ZV-Z52,R&S®FPS-B4,R&S®ENV432,R&S®FSW-K82,R&S®ZV-Z58,R&S®ZV-Z55,R&S®FSW-K85,R&S®FSW-K83,R&S®ZV-Z59,R&S®FSW-K84,R&S®VTC,R&S®FS-K96,R&S®SMA100A,R&S®RTM-K32,R&S®RTM-K31,R&S®NRPXXS(N),R&S®NRP18S(N),R&S®FSL-B4,HZO10,R&S®ZVA-Z75,R&S®RSC-Z675,R&S®TS-PSAM,R&S®FSW-K54,R&S®HMO202X,R&S®NRP-Z211,R&S®RTO-B20X,R&S®RTE1034,R&S®RSC,R&S®SMW200A,R&S®ZV-Z235E,R&S®FSW-K50,R&S®RTE1032,R&S®ESV-Z1,R&S®TS-PDFT,R&S®ETC-K140,R&S®DST-B270,R&S® HV572,R&S®EMC32-K51,R&S®RT-ZA14,R&S®EMC32-K56,R&S®RT-ZA15,HZO40,HZO41,R&S®SFD-K200,R&S®RT-ZA13,R&S®SFD-K201,R&S®RT-ZA10,R&S®ESRP + -B2,R&S®RTO-B4,R&S®RTH1004MSO,R&S®SMBV-K112L,R&S®SMW-K55,R&S®ADVISE-HP,R&S®TS-PSCX,R&S®FSW-K60,R&S®EVS-K10,R&S®RT-ZP03,R&S®FS-K112,R&S®CTH,R&S®HMC8041-G,R&S®RTM-K15,R&S®RTO2044,HZO30,R&S®NRP-Z37,R&S®RT-ZA21,R&S®RT-ZA22,R&S®RT-ZA20,R&S®EMC32-K48,R&S®HMO2024,R&S®HZC815-GB,R&S®RSC.13 1),R&S®NRP-Z28,R&S®NET REPORTER 2,R&S®RT-ZP10,R&S®RTO2032,R&S®SGS-B26,R&S®RSC-Z405,R&S®RTO2034,R&S®HOO14,R&S®NRP-Z24,R&S®NRP-Z27,R&S®HOO10,R&S®HOO11,R&S®HOO12,R&S®NRP-Z23,R&S®NRP-Z22,R&S®RTO-B1,R&S®ESR26,R&S®ESH2-Z31,R&S®RTE1024,R&S®NRP-Z221,R&S®NRP67T(N),R&S®FXX,R&S®FSW-K40,R&S®HZC815-EU,R&S®HMC8041,R&S®HMC8042,R&S®RTO-K65,R&S®ZN-ZTW,R&S®HMC8043,R&S®RTO2024,R&S®RTO2022,HZO50,HZO51,R&S®ZVA(T),R&S®RTO-K60,R&S®HL223,R&S®FSW-K6,R&S®HMF2525,R&S®FSW-K7,R&S®TS-PWA3,R&S®SMW-K81,R&S®ZVT,R&S®HL050(E),R&S®ZNB8,R&S®DVSG,R&S®FSW-B160R,R&S®ZVL,R&S®ZNB4,R&S®EMC32-K10,R&S®EMC32-K11,R&S®ZVA24,R&S®FSL-K8,R&S®SGT-K350,R&S®EX-IQ-BOX,R&S®ZVH,R&S®ADVISE-LT,R&S®SFE100,R&S®RT-ZZ80,R&S®FSW-K104,R&S®FSW-K105,R&S®SGU-B140,R&S®FPH-B22,R&S®FSW-K102,R&S®FSW-K103,R&S®NRPXXA(N),R&S®FSW-K100,R&S®FSW-K101,R&S®ZVA,R&S®WINIQSIM2™,R&S®CTH100A,R&S®WMS32,R&S®ZVA-Z110E,R&S®SMW-K69,R&S®ZVT8,R&S®NET SENSOR,R&S®ESL6,R&S®DVSG-K20,R&S®SMW-K62,R&S®ESL3,R&S®OSP-B158,R&S®OSP-B157,R&S®RTE1052,R&S®RTE1054,R&S®FS-K105PC,R&S®CMWCARDS,R&S®ZVA40,R&S®NRP110T,R&S®EMC32-K35,R&S®EMC32-K33,R&S®SMC100A,R&S®FPH-K7,R&S®SMW-K78,R&S®FPH-K9,R&S®SMW-K75,R&S®SMW-K76,R&S®SMW-K441,R&S®SMW-K73,R&S®DVSG-K10,R&S®SMW-K74,R&S®SMW-K71,R&S®SMW-K72,R&S®SCOPE RIDER,R&S®SMBV-K256,R&S®ENY81-CA6,R&S®ZVA50,R&S®FSW-B500,R&S®ZNBT,R&S®EMC32-K23,R&S®EMC32-K24,R&S®EMC32-K21,R&S®EMC32-K22,R&S®EMC32-K27,R&S®RTH-B1,R&S®EMC32-K26,R&S®VSE,R&S®RTO-K8,R&S®ESH3-Z6,R&S®NRP18A(N),R&S®RTO-K9,R&S®RTO-K6,R&S®RTO-K7,R&S®CMW,R&S®RTO-K4,R&S®RTO-K5,R&S®RTO-K2,R&S®RTO-K3,R&S®RTO-K1,R&S®SMBV100A,R&S®ZVA67,R&S®TS9980,R&S®TS9982,R&S®SFC-U-K83,R&S®SFC-U-K84,R&S®NRPXXAN,R&S®FSV-K93,R&S®HL033,R&S®FS-K196,R&S®TS-PSC07,R&S®DVMS,R&S®RTE-B102,R&S®RTE-B101,R&S®ZV-Z5X,R&S®HMF2550,R&S®FSW-B320,R&S®HFU-Z,R&S®RTM2054,R&S®RTM2052,R&S®SGT-K300,R&S®SGT-K301,R&S®HMS-EMC,R&S®TS9975,R&S®ESH3-Z2,R&S®RT-ZC20B,R&S®ADVISE-ML,R&S®SMB100A,R&S®EMC32-K1,R&S®FS-K103PC,R&S®EMC32-K2,R&S®EMC32-K3,R&S®RTM2024,R&S®EMC32-K4,R&S®RTM2022,R&S®EMC32-K6,R&S®EMC32-K7,R&S®EMC32-K8,R&S®FSV-K73,R&S®DST-B215,R&S®HL050,R&S®ZNB20,R&S®FSV-K72,R&S®FSWP26,R&S®HL040E,R&S®BCDRIVE,R&S®SGU-B120,R&S®DIGICONF,R&S®XXX-K112,R&S®XXX-K354,R&S®CMW290,R&S®XXX-K353,R&S®XXX-K352,R&S®DST-B220,R&S®RTM2034,R&S®ZVX,R&S®RTM2032,R&S®SGS-B106V,R&S®FSV-K7S,R&S®ZNBT20,R&S®SGT-K521,R&S®SGT-K522,R&S®SGT-K523,R&S®ENV4200,R&S®FSL18,R&S®SGU-B26,R&S®ZNBT8,R&S®FS-K96PC,R&S®TS7124,R&S®FSX-K91AC,R&S®FSW-K193,R&S®CMW-B690B,R&S®TS7123,R&S®FSW-K192,R&S®IQR-B1XXF,R&S®CMW-B690A,R&S®TS7121,R&S®NRPC33,R&S®SFD-K1050,R&S®OSP-B123 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优译提供多种微波通讯产品,包括射频隔离器、环行器、同轴衰减器等
优译主要生产射频隔离器、环行器、同轴衰减器、同轴终端(负载)、滤波器、放大器、功分器、电桥、定向耦合器、波导同轴转换、双工器/三工器 等微波通讯产品。本文对各种产品进行了详细介绍。
优译18至26.5GHz波导隔离器UIYWI2869A,连接形式WR42(BJ220),专为高功率应用设计
优译UIYWI2869A波导隔离器,是一款专为高功率、高频率应用设计的先进射频器件,尺寸为28x68mm,工作在18GHz至26.5GHz频率范围内,它融合了卓越的隔离性能与紧凑的波导结构设计,完美适配于雷达系统、卫星地面站、以及需要高信号完整性的通信网络中。
【元件】优译X波段8-12GHz波导隔离器、环行器WR90(BJ100),可用于卫星通信和医用微波系统等领域
X波段作为一种特定频段的电磁波,在通信、医疗、安全检测和天文学等领域都有着广泛的应用。通过充分利用X波段的特性,人们可以实现更快速、更精确和更安全的数据传输、医学诊断、安全检测和天体观测等目标。本文中优译将为大家介绍常用波导隔离器、环行器WR90(BJ100),频率范围:8.0-12.0GHz,可用于卫星通信、医用微波系统、安全检测领域、天文学领域等。
【选型】基于微带线微波传输功率,选择合适的微波高频板材
在微波功率放大器设计时,很多工程师对传输线的温度上升情况只有粗略的概念,不能具体的定量分析功率与传输线关系。不恰当的设计,可能导致传输线温度高,影响介质的微波性能,加速传输线氧化,影响传输信道性能。本文将使用ROGERS的软件MWI 2017,计算分析大功率信号通过微带线时,从温度升限角度,衡量微带线的耐受功率。
优译VHF频段300-500MHz滤波器,可用于通信系统、音频处理等领域
滤波器的主要功能和作用是处理信号,根据特定的频率响应特性对信号进行频率选择、增强或抑制。本文优译推荐一款VHF频段300-500MHz带通滤波器,可用于通信系统、音频处理、视频处理、电源管理、传感器信号处理等领域。
优译(UIY)微波通信器件选型指南
描述- UIY was established in 2003 in Shenzhen, China, It is an integrated enterprise, which includes research, production, marketing and service for the civilian and military microwave communications device.
型号- UIYBPF8844A,UIYBCC6466A,UIY4PD12071A,UIYDI4249A,UIYDX9580B,UIYDX9580A,UIYHPF3426A,UIYCDI9678A,UIYBCC5049A,UIYDX6733A,UIYBCC5049B,UIYWI2836A,UIYCC4550A,UIYCI1522A,UIYBSF29567A,UIYDDI12075A,UIYCDI7038A,UIYBDI5049B,UIYCA500A,UIYWI4242A,UIYBPF12021A,UIYBPF8648A,UIYBPF10060A,UIYDC3538A,UIYWI1636A,UIYBDI5049A,UIYTX120120A,UIYCA100AN18,UIYWTCWR90A,UIYBCI3434G,UIYBCI3434F,UIYWTCWR90E,UIYCT150AN3,UIYCA50AS18,UIYCT150AN6,UIYDI1925A,UIYCA300AN124,UIYDX12276A,UIYBSF202152A,UIY6RS1UB,UIYWC1027A,UIYLPF19048A,UIYDX170125A,UIY8PD199106A,UIYBCI3434D,UIYBCI3434C,UIYWI1940A,UIYBCI3434B,UIYBCI3434A,UIYMI1416A,UIYWC2225A,UIYDI5663A,UIYWC2225B,UIYBPF250166A,UIYBDC5972A,UIYMC55B,UIY8PD10875A,UIYCT5AN124,UIYHPF3733A,UIY4PD5650A,UIYLPF15830A,UIYLPF3325A,UIYDDC16080A4P,UIYDX62112A,UIYWTCWR112A,UIY8PD245174A,UIYBPF205205A,UIYWTCWR112E,UIYSI15A,UIYBPF7070A,UIYWC4444A,UIYCA300AN3,UIYBDC6434A4P,UIYCA300AN6,UIYCA300AN8,UIYHPF3734A,UIYBPF5313A,UIYBPF9033A,UIYBCC2618A,UIYCT50AN6,UIYBCC2618B,UIYCA2AS18,UIYCT50AS18,UIY8PD144103B,UIY8PD144103A,UIYWTCWR159A,UIYCT50AN3,UIYBPF6535A,UIYWTCWR159E,UIYDX121159A,UIYCA200AN8,UIYCT5AN3,UIYCT5AN18,UIYDI2020A,UIYDX260190A,UIYDDC12060A4P,UIYCA200AN6,UIYCA200AN3,UIYBDC10149A,UIYCT5AN6,UIYCT25AS8,UIYBDC10149B,UIY2T1HC422165A,UIYCI5356A,UIYCA25AS18,UIYMC33Y,UIYBPF338151A,UIYCC5356A,UIYDMC108B,UIYDMC108A,UIYBCI10149B,UIYLPF9426A,UIYBDI6466A,UIYBCC1920A,UIYBCI10149A,UIYBCC1920B,UIYDX340210A,UIYLPF4630A,UIYCA2AS124,UIYCDC7038A4P,UIY4T8RTR3UB2C,UIYBDI5028A,UIYBPF100104A,UIYSC7A,UIYDDI7046A,UIYDI5356A,UIYBCC5028A,UIYDX185155A,UIYSI12A,UIYCDC16080A,UIYWTCWR137A,UIYBDC7272A,UIYWTCWR137E,UIYSI36A,UIYDMC109A,UIYDMC109B,UIYWTCWR28E,UIYCT100AN18,UIYBCC4550A,UIYBPF4814A,UIYCT25AS18,UIYCA150AN3,UIYCDI12060A,UIYDDC3819A,UIYBCI4040B,UIYBCI4040A,UIYBPF12028A,UIYCA10AS3,UIYBPF11022A,UIYBPF4814B,UIYDC815A,UIYDDCP21424A,UIYDI4242A,UIYBPF12026A,UIYSC9B,UIYBPF4815B,UIYLPF3322A,UIYBSF12069A,UIYWI4444A,UIYSI10A,UIYLPF4520A,UIYWI2025A,UIYBDC1920A,UIYWI2025B,UIYMC77A,UIYBSF16168A,UIYBDC1920B,UIYBDI1326A,UIYBDI1326B,UIYHPF5033A,UIYBPF10068A,UIYCA2AS3,UIYCA2AS6,UIYBDC4222A,UIYCA2AS8,UIYBSF4012A,UIYCA10AS8,UIY6TC1UA,UIYCDC12060A4P,UIY6TC1UB,UIYBCC4222A,UIY2PD2828F,UIYCA10AS6,UIY2PD2828G,UIYWC3842A,UIY2PD2828A,UIY16PD22393A,UIY2PD2828B,UIYBPF10069A,UIY2PD2828D,UIYDDCP10025A,UIYCT25AN3,UIYBCI1326A,UIYCA150AN6,UIYBCI1326B,UIYCA5AS18,UIYCT25AN6,UIYBCI5049B,UIYBCI5049A,UIYCT25AN8,UIYWI1925A,UIYBSF11968A,UIYBPF9090A,UIYBPF6464A,UIYLPF8863A,UIYCC4337A,UIYHPF2822A,UIY4PD5230A,UIYBPF17384A,UIY2PD158122A,UIYBPF100145A,UIY4PD136119A,UIYDC1220A,UIYCT500AN18,UIYBPF5026A,UIYBSF17235A,UIYDDC3819A4P,UIY4PD8562A,UIYDX9976A,UIYWI2262A,UIYCT200AN3,UIYCT1000A,UIYCT200AN8,UIYCT200AN6,UIY2T1HC14244A,UIYWTCWR284E,UIYWTCWR284F,UIYCC120140A,UIYBPF5353A,UIYMI1212A,UIYDCP5525A,UIYBCC14272A4P,UIYCA10AS124,UIYDI1219A,UIYBDI2528B,UIYDX8862A,UIYBDI2528A,UIYDDC5025A,UIYDX140110A,UIYWTCWR284A,UIYBDI4040A,UIYWI2260A,UIYLPF16525A,UIYCT10AN124,UIYCA5AN124,UIYBDI4040B,UIYBCI2528A,UIYBDI2525C,UIYBDI2525B,UIYBDI2525A,UIYBCI2528B,UIY2T1HC16445A,UIYWTCWR1150A,UIYDDC1716A4P,UIYCI2528A,UIYBPF3020B,UIYCI100166A,UIYCDC6834A4P,UIYLPF4125A,UIYBSF11060A,UIYCDC6432A,UIYCA2AN6,UIYCA2AN8,UIYBCC2618B4P,UIYBPF12553A,UIYCA2AN3,UIYHPF3934A,UIYDX18484A,UIYBPF4025A,UIYCA30AS3,UIYDX14073A,UIYCA30AS5,UIYDX11880A,UIY2PD2835A,UIYCI4337A,UIYBDI1025A,UIYLPF3022A,UIYCT80AN6,UIYMI45B,UIYCT80AN3,UIYBDI6075F,UIYBPF3414B,UIYBPF3414A,UIYWI2238A,UIYCT2000A,UIYBPF11890A,UIYBPF4721A,UIY2T2RTR350158A,UIYDI80140B,UIY3PD122158A,UIYMI44B,UIYMI44A,UIYBPF7022A,UIYBPF7373B,UIYMI44C,UIYBPF7373A,UIYTX11676A,UIYBCI2618B,UIYWI4876A,UIYBDC2528A,UIYBDC2528B,UIYCT2AB3,UIYBPF10016A,UIYBCI2618A,UIYMI45A,UIYBPF15065A,UIYBDC1716B4P,UIYBPF8550A,UIYCT2AB6,UIYCDC9648A4P,UIYTX7164A,UIYDC2020A,UIYTX7164B,UIYCT500AN124,UIYWTCWR34A,UIY3T1HC30480B,UIY3T1HC30480A,UIYWTCWR10A,UIY4TC420420B,UIYWTCWR34E,UIYWTCWR10E,UIYMC1414A,UIY4TC420420A,UIYDC100100A,UIYBCC3434F,UIYBCC3434C,UIYBCC3434D,UIYBCC3434A,UIYBCC3434B,UIYBPF6817A,UIYCA100AN8,UIYCA100AN6,UIYBDC1325B,UIYBCC3434G,UIYCA50AS124,UIYDI3538A,UIYBDC1325A,UIYCA100AN3,UIYBCI4222A,UIYBSF12070A,UIYCC2525A,UIYBCC6060G,UIYCA25AS124,UIYBCC6060H,UIYBCC6060E,UIYBCC6060F,UIYLPF9923A,UIYBCC6060C,UIYBCC6060D,UIYBCC6060A,UIYBCC6060B,UIYWC3030A,UIYTX100140A,UIYWC3030B,UIYHPF3818A,UIYWI2128A,UIYLPF6420A,UIYLPF17227A,UIYBPF6020A,UIYCA10AN3,UIYCA10AN6,UIYBPF5815A,UIYWTCWR12A,UIYWTCWR12E,UIYCA10AN8,UIY2T2HC23040A,UIYCI6075A,UIYDX166125A,UIY2PD48157A,UIYDX482192A,UIYDDI4027A,UIYBPF6023A,UIYDX118118A,UIYBPF10673E,UIYBPF10673G,UIYBPF10673F,UIYDX102200A,UIYCI4550A,UIYDDI3819A,UIYBPF10673C,UIYBPF10673B,UIYWI2259A,UIYBDC5049B,UIYCDC7038A,UIYBDC5049A,UIYBSF3525A,UIYDX320420A,UIY8TC1UB,UIY2PD3728A,UIY8TC1UA,UIYBCI6466A,UIYBPF8663A,UIY2T2HC40030A,UIYBPF5817A,UIYBSF12970A,UIY2PD2619A,UIY4PD220162A,UIYBCI5028A,UIYDCP8220A,UIYBDC5028A,UIYSC15A,UIYBDC5028B,UIY4TC330330A,UIYCA500AN124,UIYDC4242A,UIYWTCWR15A,UIYBDC6466A,UIYHPF3025A,UIYHPF3025B,UIYWTCWR15E,UIYWTCWR15F,UIYBPF12080A,UIYDC5356A,UIYCT5AS124,UIYCT200AN124,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配备KEYSIGHT网络分析仪,可测量无线充电系统发射机/接收机线圈的阻抗,电感L、电阻R、电感C以及品质因数Q,仿真不同充电负载阻抗下的无线充电传输效率。支持到场/视频直播测试,资深专家全程指导。
实验室地址: 深圳 提交需求>
提供稳态、瞬态、热传导、对流散热、热辐射、热接触、和液冷等热仿真分析,通过FloTHERM软件帮助工程师在产品设计初期创建虚拟模型,对多种系统设计方案进行评估,识别潜在散热风险。
实验室地址: 深圳 提交需求>
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