Exploring Vector Signal Generators

时间： 2022-05-12 来源：Keysight

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Real-time waveform generation enables verification of receiver designs in all stages, from baseband subsystem coding all the way to sensitivity tests. When considering a vector signal generator of choice, there are various parameters to look at: switching modes for signal generation, creating your own waveforms, and exploring different testing scenarios. You should also consider the architecture differences, comparing traditional vs. DDS (direct digital synthesizer), as well as various other challenges that Vector Signal Generators can help solve.

Current Customer Challenges

Many RF engineers face new design and test challenges, including meeting ever-involving standard requirements, delivering performance, and accelerating time to market in today's competitive landscape. The demand growth for faster data rate applications triggers the need for new technologies capable of wider signal bandwidths and higher frequencies. Currently, the 5G New Radio (NR) standards specify frequency range 2 (FR2) from 24.25GHz to 52.6GHz and a maximum channel bandwidth of 400MHz.

Wider bandwidths enable high-throughput data and low latency. However, they also introduce more noise that degrades the system performance. Wireless engineers need to deal with the noise problem for wideband communications. Current wireless devices support multiple frequency bands and wireless formats and support for multiple antennas. These complex devices make the process of designing, testing, and isolating system problems more challenging. This leads to longer development lifecycle times, which slows down time-to-market.

Common Vector Signal Generator Architecture

The main feature that stands out in a traditional vector signal generator architecture is the inclusion of the I/Q modulator. The I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) signals from a baseband generator's output travel to the I/Q modulator and upconvert with mixers to an intermediate frequency (IF) and RF signal. Before combining the I and Q signals, the I and Q signals mix with a same local oscillator (LO) and insert a 90-degree phase shifter in one of the LO paths.

Figure 1. A block diagram of a vector signal generator

Each component in the I/Q modulator contributes errors such as gain imbalance, timing skew, quadrature skew, DC offset, and phase noise (virtual: pop up these errors from the I/Q modulator). To visualize the modulator errors, we use the baseband generator to create a 16-multitone signal as an example. The output signal from traditional I/Q modulator generates nonlinear distortion that reduces the overall signal dynamic range. Figure 2 shows the intermodulation distortion between the 16 tones caused by the modulator and RF section. For a modulated signal, the distortion will degrade the signal quality and cause measurements failure. Therefore, to minimize the distortion for the signal generation is critical to accurately characterize wideband RF components and evaluate the receiver's performance.

Figure 2. A multitone signal with intermodulation distortion

KEYSIGHT explored some of the challenges that slow down your 5G testing. Taking into account traditional generator signal architecture, many of these challenges currently do not have adequate solutions. However, delving more into the future of vector signal generator architecture, learning how higher frequency coverage, wider bandwidths, and multi-channel applications can result in a breakthrough performance.

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目录- Increasing Speed, Safety, and Reliability of In-Vehicle Communications Networks Data Acquisition for Accurate Automotive System Analysis Taming the Hostile RF World of Today’s Vehicles Managing Power in a Harsh Automotive Electrical Environment EMI Pre-Compliance Testing for Automotive Designs Handheld Instruments for Accurate Portable Automotive Testing General Bench Test and Accessories Test Automation with PathWave BenchVue Software

型号- N7026A,DAQ970A,4000 X,N2790A,N6705C,N5166B CXG,N6700 SERIES,3000T X-SERIES,N6700,3000T X,34980A,S-SERIES,6000 X,N9000B CXA,N7900,4000 X-SERIES,MSOX4154A,6000 X-SERIES,N7900 SERIES

选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - October 31, 2022 PDF 英文下载

Signal Generators: The Different Types and How They Work

In electronics, signals are analogous to speech. Just as we exchange information through conversation, electronics at all levels talk via signals — from microscopic transistors on tiny integrated circuits up to consumer devices and large systems like satellites. Being this ubiquitous means that in every industry, a substantial part of electronics testing goes into getting the signals right, and signal generators are the workhorses that make it possible.

技术探讨发布时间 : 2024-03-08

【选型】Keysight（是德科技）PXI / AXIe 模块化产品选型指南（英文）

目录- PXI / AXIe Modular Product Introduction High-Speed Chassis, Controllers, and I/O Components PXIe RF Instruments AXIe Instruments General-Purpose Oscilloscopes, Digitizers and More PXI and AXIe Test Solutions

型号- M9391A,M9121A,M9242A,M9133A,S9101A,M8020A,M8192A,M9514A,M9502A,M9336A,M937XA,M9421A,M9122A,M9243A,M9037A,M9203A,N1930B,M8045A,U4421A,M9808A,M9537A,M9703B,89600,M9161D,M3201A,M9393A,M9381A,M9187A,M9146–49A,M9111A,M9135A,M9155–57C,M8046A,M8195A,M8194A,M9710A,M9601A,M9411A,M9043A,M9164B,M9164A,M8920A,M9380A,M8196A,M8062A,M9410A,M3102A,M9260A,M9383B,E5500,M9165C,M9165B,M9165A,M9101A,M8197A,M8051A,M9615A,M9506A,M9192A,M9164C,M9130A,M9155-57C,M9102A,M9005A,M924XA,M8041A,M8040A,M9505A,M9804A,M9614A,M3302A,M9290A,M3100A,M9181A,M9193A,M9383A,M9010A,M9240A,M9131A,M9103A,M9018B,M9155-57CH40,M924XA SERIES,M8190A,M3202A,M8100A SERIES,M9182A,M9120A,M9241A,M9132A,M9128A,X-SERIES,M8100A,M9019A,N5511A,M9709A,M9183A,M9195B,M3300A

选型指南 - KEYSIGHT - September 15, 2020 PDF 英文下载

PNA Family Microwave Network Analyzers CONFIGURATION GUIDE

型号- V11644A,N524XBU-679,85059-60019,N4421B-K67,00902-60004,U2040 X-SERIES,N524XBU-677,00915-60003,S93072B,00915-60004,00902-60003,S93084B,S9309XB,U9391F-FFF,85059-60020,N5247B-423,85093C,N524XB-1A7,85059-60029,85059-60028,85059-60027,83018A,83006A,85059-60032,N4694D-00A,85059-60031,85059-60030,N5230C-X25,Q11644A,N522XB-UK6,00910-60002,85052-60036,00910-60001,N524XBU-417,85052-60035,85052-60034,00910-60003,85052-60033,85052-60032,S93094B,S94605B,S93082B,N4693D-F0F,83017A,R-A6G-005-L,S94050B,N524XBU-419,V281CS,R-A6A-001-,N5247B-401,N524XBU-425,N524XBU-4S7,S930317B,N5224-2XX,N524XBU-423,N523XB-SSD,S93083B,11904C,11904D,N1912A,11904A,MXG X-SERIES,11904B,S93029,S94051B,11904S,N524XBU-429,U2060 X-SERIES,V281DS,N522XB-1 CM,N5192A,U3022AE10,N4433D-0DC,N5242-20169,S93080B,S94518B,00909-60008,85054-60038,N1911A,Y1910A,Y1910B,N522XB-1 CP,Y1910C,N522XB-1A7,N5225-2XX,85054-60046,85054-60047,N5247BM,N4693D-0DC,V281D,V281C,11644-60025,82357B,N5244B-423,N5290A,S93093B,N523XA-416,N5225BT,85054-60052,85054-60053,8554XB,85054-60050,85054-60051,N5194A,85056KE01,N524XBU-217,N5291A,N524XBU-219,N4694D-100,N5182B,S94601B,N5227BU-419,N4691D-M0F,8710-2156,85054-60025,85054-60026,M8190A,N5247BU-219,85523B,85056KE02,N5241B-2XX,N5292A,N524XBU-229,Z5623A-K20,00914-20028,N524XBU-224,N524XBU-2S7,S94602B,85054-60027,85054-60028,N522XAU-690,00909-60011,85054-60037,00909-60012,85054-60031,85054-60032,8553XB,N5230C-425,11500JK10,85056-60005,85056-60006,N5241-4XX,85056-60007,N19307B,85052B,85056-60020,85052C,EPM,85056-60021,85052D,85056-60022,N5172B,85056-60023,N5247-20142,8710-2812,8710-2813,N5293AXXX,85053B,N5247B-029,00911-60020,S930909B,N5247B-020,P9336A,N5247B-021,N5247B-022,N1966A,S93264B,W281CS,N5227B-401,S94570B,N19305B,85054B,85054D,N523XBU-416,U8487A,N5295AX,00911-60019,MXG X,N522113U-626,N5231BU-620,N4433D-010,N52XXBU-4S7,N5242-60136,N5242-60134,S930321B,N5242-60135,N19303B,N524XB-A6J,85055A,11644-20018,11644-20019,11644-20016,11644-20017,N5245B-2XX,N5227-2XX,S93052B,S93089B,N524XB-022,N524XB-021,N524XB-020,N524XB-029,N523XB-A6J,11644-20021,11644-20020,00901-60003,N5222B-405,11644-20005,U8488A,S93053B,N5245B-029,EPM-P,85133-60001,85133-60002,11644-20014,11644-20015,N19301B,11644-20013,M9383A,N522XB-A6J,U3025AE06,85050B,85050C,N5245B-020,85050D,N523XBU-216,S93050B,85059-60034,N5245B-021,85059-60033,N5245B-022,S93086B,S93087A,W281DS,11644-20003,11644-20004,U848X,N524XB-22X,11644-20001,11644-20002,N524XBU-617,N524XB-4XX,N524XBU-619,N524XBU-623,S9405XB,U3025AE10,85051B,N5264B,N524XBU-622,00896-60006,85059-60047,85059-60046,00896-60007,EXG X-SERIES,UXG X,85059-60045,00896-60008,N52XXB,85059-60044,N52XXA,N4692-60021,N522XBU-020,S93051B,S93087B,N522XBU-022,N4692-60022,85059-60048,N522XBU-021,S93088B,W281ES,85059-60054,85059-60053,N52XXBU-2S7,K281C,PNA FAMILY,85133E,87300B,85133D,87300C,PNA,N5295AXXX,85133F,83051A,85133H,E8900-D10,N522XBU-679,N5241B,S930900B,N524XB-219,N522XBU-677,N5239BU-620,N4421AK20,S93070XB,N524XB-SSD,N5244-2XX,S93235B,N4693D-M0F,S93247B,S93029B,N5230A-425,N5222B-2XX,85024A,N4431-60006,N524XB-224,85133C,N524XB-222,85134F,S930901B,85134E,U2050 X-SERIES,N522XBU-201,N5242B,83050A,N522XBU-205,N524XB-20X,N522XB-020,N522XB-021,K11644A,S930707B,N522XB-022,S93551B,N522XBU-680,N524XB-21X,S930902B,85135F,N5231B,Q281B,N5221BU-626,85134H1,N522XBU-217,N524XB-41X,U3039ACK1,Q281A,N523XB-1A7,N52XXB-XXX,N522X B-220,S93245B,S93027B,S93015B,U2000,N522XBU-219,U11644A,85135E,N524XB-201,85093-60010,P11644A,87301D,N522XB-4XX,87301B,N5232B,N522XBU-2S7,N5224BU-650,N524XB-42X,N5244B,N5239BU-613,N522XBU-220,S93222B,85093-60008,85093-60009,N524XB-217,S945XXB,11500I,11500J,11500K,87301E,11500L,85056D,85058-60006,S930904B,N5221B,UXG X-SERIES,85058-60123,N5225B-417,N524XB-419,85058-60124,N524XB-417,N5245B,S93110B,S93460B,N5242-4XX,S93025B,R11644A,U8488A-100,PNA-X SERIES,N524XB-423,85056A,N524XB-422,N9910X-714,N5234BU-650,85058-60115,85130D,85130C,85058-60112,85130F,85058-60111,85130E,N522XBU-401,85058-60114,85130H,85058-60113,85130G,N5234B,N5222B,S930905B,N4690D,85050-80009,85050-80008,N524XB,85050-80007,S93232B,S93111B,N522XB-SSD,S93026B,85050-80011,U2020 X,85050-80010,R-A6A-001-L,R-A5A-001-,N522XBU-405,N9910X-708,N5249B-4XX,85057B,85058-60105,85131C,85058-60104,87310B,85058-60107,85131E,85058-60106,85131D,85058-60101,N522XB-219,85131F,85058-60103,N522XB-217,85058-60102,85131H,N5245-20140,N5247B,N5235B,85058-60109,N4691D,N5245B-423,85058-60108,S93010B,S93090XB,N522XB-210,S93011B,N5230A-X25,R281B,R281A,N522XBU-417,EXG X,85058-60110,N522XBU-419,S9303XXB,85058B,N524XB-401,S94571B,85058E,S94573B,N522XBU-420,N522XB-205,85132F,N522XBU-661,85132E,N4419AK20,N5247B-2XX,N522XBU-4S7,N522XBU-665,N5224B,N4693D-00A,N4692D,P SERIES,N522XB-200,N522XB-201,N522XBU-660,N523XB,S930907B,85059V,S93242B,85058V,85059B,S94572B,N524XB-UNY,S94514B,S93XXXB,N5225B,N4693D,11923A,N5249B,85054-80009,N5222BT,85054-80010,10833A,N5245BQ,N5241BU-205,10833B,N5245BP,N4694D-M0F,10833D,85553A,N5245BM,N523XB-416,85541B,11922C,11922D,11922A,11922B,N522XBU-601,U848X SERIES,N522XBU-600,N4694D,S93

用户指南 - KEYSIGHT - December 9, 2022 PDF 英文下载

简要回顾是德科技为射频工程师准备的2023年最新的Top 15文章

本文，是德科技为射频工程师总结了2023年最新的Top 15文章，并做了摘要概述。

设计经验发布时间 : 2024-03-08

Simplify Complex RF Testing with Vector Signal Generators

As the number of antennas in a system has increased, so has the test complexity. So, Keysight shares the way to Simplify Complex RF Testing with Vector Signal Generators M9484C.

设计经验发布时间 : 2022-08-03